Systems and methods for determining the absorption and specific gravity properties of compacted and loose material including fine and coarse aggregates

ABSTRACT

Methods, systems, and computer program products determine absorption, specific gravity, and/or porosity of construction materials undergoing analysis corresponding to different measurements of material samples divided from a “parent” construction material sample. Dry and wet weights of the samples are obtained under different conditions.  
     In certain embodiments, the material sample is an aggregate that is held in liquid in a volumetric container and the container with the liquid and aggregate is weighed. Another weight of a second sample can be obtained. The second sample is encased in an evacuated vacuum-sealed bag that is opened while immersed in a liquid bath, at which time the weight can be obtained. The weight data can be used to calculate the parameter of interest.  
     Other methods obtain one wet weight of the sample when it is positioned into the liquid bath at atmospheric pressure and the other weight is obtained when the sample is first held in an evacuated state in a sealed (compressible) bag is opened in the liquid bath. The weights can be used to determine the two densities.  
     Other methods employ evacuating a chamber holding a quantity of material sample under water in the container or subcontainer and obtaining weights of the sample under several conditions. Another method increases the pressure in the chamber and obtains weights of the sample under various conditions. Each of the methods determine the material property based on the measured weights. Related devices are also described.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.09/976,530, filed Oct. 11, 2001, which claims the benefit of priorityfrom U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/240,563 filedOct. 13, 2000, the contents of which are hereby incorporated byreference as if recited in full herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] This invention is related to methods and systems used todetermine the specific gravity, absorption, and/or porositycharacteristics of compacted and loose materials including aggregatematerials used in the construction of roads and structures as well asthose obtained in connection with oil and geological explorations.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Water absorption and specific gravity of aggregates are bothparameters which are routinely analyzed in the design and constructionof roads and structures worldwide. These parameters can also beimportant considerations in oil and geological explorations.

[0004] The ability to accurately measure water absorption and specificgravity of materials in a repeatable manner and in a relatively shorttime frame can be important for engineers and practitioners interestedin assessing the suitability of bulk materials and material mixtures intheir projects. For example, water absorption and specific gravityvalues can yield important information about the hydraulic properties ofsoils and aggregates.

[0005] In the asphalt mix design industry, the bulk specific gravity andabsorption of aggregates in a particular design, which can include bothfine and coarse aggregates, are important assessments of the quality andsuitability of the asphalt design to a particular application. Thedesign selection of materials can be a mixture or composition of varioussized aggregates in an assortment of different materials which can bevaried to yield the desired functional characteristics or standards.Bulk specific gravity can be used as a measure to assess the amount ofasphalt binder absorbed by the aggregates and the percentage of voids inthe mineral aggregates in the design; each of these parameters can beimportant considerations in assessing the quality of the materials orthe suitability of the composition of the design.

[0006] Conventionally, test methods described in standards AASHTO T84and ASTM C128 have been used to assess fine aggregates. Unfortunately,these methods can have poor repeatability. Generally stated, theconventional method requires that a material sample of fine aggregate(about 1000 g) is oven dried to a constant weight. The material sampleis then immersed in water for a 24-hour saturation period. The sample isthen spread on a flat surface and exposed to a gently moving stream ofwarm air until a saturated surface-dry condition is reached. To assesswhen the saturated surface-dry condition has been reached, the materialsample is positioned into an inverted cone and lightly compacted. Thecone is removed and if the material “slumps” the material sample isconsidered to be in a saturated surface-dry condition. The amount of“slump” that represents when the saturated surface-dry condition hasbeen reached can vary from test-to-test and is operator-dependent. Somelaboratories or agencies define this condition as one in which the slumpcorresponds to the diameter of a dime from the top of the cone. Theamount of slump can be adjusted by repetitive drying of the aggregatesuntil the desired slump is achieved. However, if the aggregate sample isover-dried during the test procedure, the sample must be re-saturatedand the drying process repeated.

[0007] After the material sample has reached the saturated dry-surfacecondition, a portion of the material sample is placed in a flask, whichis then filled with water to a calibrated level and weighed. The fineaggregate material sample is removed from the flask and oven-dried to aconstant weight. The specific gravity (apparent and bulk) and absorptionare then calculated based on the three measured weights (the weight ofthe oven-dried sample, the weight of the flask filled with water, andthe weight of the flask with the material and specimen and water to acalibration mark).

[0008] Angular fine aggregates with high absorption characteristicsand/or rough surface textures do not typically slump readily. Therefore,determining the saturated surface dry (SSD) weight for samples thatinclude these types of materials can be difficult with the cone methoddescribed above. Unfortunately, incorrect determination of thisparameter in the testing process can have undesirable effects on theperformance or service life of the asphalt pavement or other structuremade using incorrectly analyzed materials.

[0009] In the concrete industry, the same cone test is typically used todetermine the SSD condition in fine materials to determine the properamount of water to add to the concrete mixture. Proportioning theconcrete mixture with an incorrect amount of water can negatively affectthe strength and durability of the concrete structures.

[0010] The testing standards for coarse aggregates are described inAASHTO T85 and ASTM C-127. “Coarse” is typically associated withaggregates retained on a 2.36 mm (No. 8) or larger sieve. In order toobtain the SSD weight of these types of samples, these standards providethat the operator pads the aggregates with a towel and uses thetowel-dried weight as the SSD weight of the sample. Again, thistechnique is subjected to operator variability, as if the materialsample is not properly prepared—such as if improper washing or wettingof the sample, aggressive drying, or removing fine dirt particles offthe surfaces of the aggregates (thus, potentially leaving the largeaggregate surface wet)—the results of the analysis can vary and may notprovide a reliable indication of the properties of the sample. Further,the towel-dry technique itself is a subjective procedure and the degreeof dryness can vary from operator-to-operator and sample-to-sample.

[0011] Recently, a study was undertaken by the National Center forAsphalt Technology (NCAT) and was presented at the 79^(th) meeting ofthe Transportation Research Board, in January, 2000. In this study, theauthors proposed a device to attempt to automate the determination ofthe SSD condition for fine aggregates as a replacement to AASHTO T84 andASTM C128. The device included a spinning drum equipped with a hairdryer for drying the aggregates, a humidity indicator and a temperaturesensor mounted inside the drum. In operation, a saturated materialsample is placed inside the drum and the sample is spun whilecontinuously monitoring temperature and humidity. The theory behind thistechnique is that a break in the response between temperature and timeor humidity and time will indicate a saturation point. For example,continuous drying will occur until either the temperature or humiditystabilizes. At this “stability point”, the aggregates are expected to beat the SSD condition. After the indicated response has stabilized, thetemperature or humidity can continue to change, also indicating that theinternal water has been removed (another indication that the SSDcondition was achieved at the stability point). Unfortunately, inoperation, the material can clump together inside the drum. Whenaggregates clump (fine aggregates can be particularly susceptible toclumping), the SSD condition may be unachievable. Indeed, fineaggregates can impede accurate determination of a true SSD condition asthey have a tendency to stack up or attach to each other and not allowthe surface of each individual aggregate to reach the desired SSDcondition. Further, the stability point (defined as a plateau) in timeversus temperature or humidity is an empirical derivation that may bedifficult to ascertain or achieve with every aggregate type.

[0012] Recently, another device has been proposed by theBarnstead/Thermolyne Company of Boise, Id. to determine the SSDcondition of fine aggregates. This device proposes placing approximately500 g of dry aggregates in a vibrating dish. Water is introduced intothe aggregate and an infrared device monitors the surface moisture.Again, the time response versus the infrared moisture reading is plottedand a point along the response line is identified and selected ascorresponding to the SSD condition of the aggregates. Unfortunately,this method is also empirically based and can depend on the type andperhaps the gradation of aggregates. Also, the fine aggregate SSD may bedifficult to reliably define for every aggregate type.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0013] Embodiments of the present invention provide systems, methods,and devices that employ vacuum-sealed material samples and liquiddisplacement. The material sample can be divided into two portions andweights associated with each portion can then be obtained under variousconditions and used to calculate the percentage absorption, theporosity, and/or the specific gravity (for fine and coarse aggregates,the term “density” is sometimes used instead of “specific gravity”).Alternatively, the same material sample portion can be serially analyzedand those results compared.

[0014] In certain embodiments, a calibration adjustment factor can beapplied to the calculated percent absorption value determined assummarized above. The calibration adjustment factor can correspond to aparticular aggregate type or mix being analyzed. The calibrationadjustment factor can offset the amount of water that may be absorbedwhile the sample aggregate is wetted under water and the weight measuredunder water (typically, the higher absorptive materials will have highercorrection factors compared to the lower absorptive materials). Thecalibration adjustment factor can be obtained by examining the amount ofabsorption as a function of time that the aggregate is exposed to avacuum, or obtained by comparing the absorption due to an independentmethod.

[0015] Certain embodiments of the present invention are directed tomethods of determining a material property such as the absorption orspecific gravity of an aggregate material. The method comprises thesteps of: (a) drying a first aggregate material sample; (b) determiningthe dry weight of the first aggregate material sample; (c) placing thefirst aggregate material sample in liquid in a first container; (d)adding liquid to the container with the first aggregate sample to fillthe container to a desired volume; (d) measuring the weight of the firstcontainer holding the first aggregate material sample and the liquidafter the step of adding liquid; (e) drying a second aggregate materialsample; (f) determining the dry weight of the second aggregate materialsample; (g) vacuum sealing the second aggregate sample in a secondcontainer; (h) immersing the second aggregate material sample while itis held in the sealed second container in the liquid bath; (i) openingthe sealed second container as it is held immersed in the liquid bath;(j) measuring the weight of the second aggregate material sample and thesecond container while they are held immersed in the liquid bath; and(k) determining at least one material property of the aggregateundergoing analysis based on the weights obtained in the two measuringsteps.

[0016] In certain embodiments, the first and second samples aredifferent samples of substantially the same weight selected such thatthey are both representative of the aggregate material undergoinganalysis. In other embodiments, the first and second samples are thesame sample of the aggregate material undergoing analysis.

[0017] Other embodiments are directed to methods for analyzing materialproperties of a material sample comprising aggregate. The methodincludes: (a) providing a first and second aggregate material sample ofa material undergoing analysis; (b) drying the first aggregate materialsample; (c) determining the dry weight of the first aggregate materialsample; (d) providing a volumetric container, the volumetric containerhaving a lid that attaches thereto to define a fixed internal volume ofthe volumetric container; (e) partially filling the volumetric containerwith liquid; (f) placing the first aggregate material sample in thevolumetric container; (g) adding additional liquid to the containerafter the first aggregate material is placed in the volumetriccontainer; (h) attaching the lid onto the volumetric container toenclose the liquid and aggregate material therein; (i) measuring theweight of the volumetric container holding the first aggregate materialsample and the liquid after the steps of attaching the lid and addingadditional liquid; (j) encasing the second aggregate sample in avacuum-sealed container; (k) immersing the second aggregate materialsample while it is held in the sealed container in a liquid bath; (l)opening the sealed container as it is held immersed in the liquid bath;(m) measuring the weight of the second aggregate material sample and thecontainer while they are held immersed in the liquid bath; and (n)determining at least one of the percent absorption, apparent specificgravity, bulk specific gravity, and saturated surface dry (SSD) weightof the aggregate undergoing analysis based on the weights obtained inthe measuring steps.

[0018] In particular embodiments, the lid of the volumetric containercomprises a liquid entry port, and the step of adding additional liquidcomprises: (a) adding a first amount of additional liquid to a levelthat is below the top of the volumetric container; and (b) after thestep of attaching the lid, adding a second amount of liquid into thevolumetric container through the liquid entry port so that the liquidwith the aggregate fills the container and occupies the fixed internalvolume.

[0019] Still other embodiments of the present invention are directed tomethods of obtaining absorption or porosity data for an aggregatesample. The method includes: (a) providing a material specimen foranalysis comprising aggregate; (b) dividing the material specimen intoat least two samples, a first aggregate sample and a second aggregatesample; (c) wetting the first aggregate sample; (d) obtaining a weightof the wetted first aggregate sample; (e) encasing the second aggregatesample in a vacuum-sealed collapsible bag; (f) immersing the encasedvacuum sealed second sample in liquid; (g) opening the bag whileimmersed to allow liquid to enter the bag; (h) obtaining a weight of theopened bag with the second sample while immersed in the liquid; and (i)evaluating the weight of the wetted first sample and the weight of thesecond sample in the opened bag in the liquid.

[0020] Certain embodiments of the present invention include methods ofdetermining the absorption or porosity of an aggregate material. Themethod includes the steps of: obtaining a first aggregate materialsample of an aggregate material undergoing analysis; obtaining a secondaggregate material sample of the aggregate material undergoing analysis;drying the first and second aggregate material samples; determining thedry weight of at least one of the first and second aggregate materialsamples; immersing the first aggregate material sample in a liquid bathso that the first aggregate material sample is wetted; measuring theweight of the first aggregate material sample while immersed in theliquid bath; vacuum sealing the second aggregate sample in a container;immersing the second aggregate material sample while it is held in thesealed container in the liquid bath; opening the sealed container as itis held immersed in the liquid bath; measuring the weight of the secondaggregate material sample and the container while they are held immersedin the liquid bath; and determining the absorption of the aggregateundergoing analysis based on the weights obtained in the first andsecond measuring steps.

[0021] The second material sample can be held in a collapsiblevacuum-sealed bag while the first material sample can be placed in arigid container or directly into the liquid bath container.

[0022] The method can be used for construction materials (loose orcompacted) including fine and coarse aggregate materials or materialmixtures as well as for porous and highly porous materials.

[0023] Other embodiments of the present invention include computerprogram products for determining the absorption and/or specific gravityvalue of an aggregate sample undergoing analysis. The computer programproduct includes a computer readable storage medium having computerreadable program code embodied therein and comprises (a) computerreadable program code for accepting input corresponding to first andsecond measurements of first and second aggregate sample weightscorresponding to an aggregate sample undergoing analysis; and (b)computer readable program code for calculating the absorption valuebased on the first and second measurements.

[0024] Still other embodiments are directed to computer program productsfor determining absorption characteristics and/or specific gravity valueof an aggregate sample undergoing analysis. The computer program productcomprises computer readable storage medium having computer readableprogram code embodied in said medium, said computer-readable programcode comprising: (a) computer readable program code for accepting inputcorresponding to weight measurements of first and second aggregatesamples obtained under dry and different wet conditions corresponding toan aggregate sample undergoing analysis; (b) computer program codedefining predetermined mathematical relationships for determining thematerial parameters of interest; and (c) computer readable program codefor calculating at least one of the percent absorption value, theapparent specific gravity, the bulk specific gravity, the saturatedsurface dry weight, and the porosity, based on the dry and wetmeasurements of the first and second samples and the pre-determinedrelationships.

[0025] Additional aspects of the present invention are directed toapparatus for evaluating aggregate samples. In certain embodiments theapparatus includes a rigid volumetric container having at least oneupwardly extending wall and a closed bottom and open top portion. Thecontainer may include a lid configured to securely attach to thevolumetric container top portion, so that, when attached, the volumetriccontainer and lid define an enclosed internal fixed volume. Theapparatus includes a quantity of liquid and aggregate materialpositioned in the volumetric container. In operation, the liquid andaggregate are presented in sufficient quantity so as to occupysubstantially the entire internal fixed volume and exhibit acorresponding weight.

[0026] The volumetric container or apparatus can be formed as apycnometer device having a glass or translucent/transparent body with areduced-size neck portion that defines an internal constant or fixedvolume. The neck portion can be formed into a lid that attaches to anunderlying body. The neck can be configured in the lid so that it issubstantially vertically oriented and has a visible fill line marking.The neck can terminate into an open port that allows liquid to beinserted therethrough.

[0027] The apparatus can include a holding fixture. The fixture includesa planar base configured to receive the volumetric container thereon anda plurality of upwardly extending clamp platforms affixed to the baseand disposed in spaced apart alignment thereon. The clamp platforms arearranged to be proximate or to abut the outside wall of the volumetriccontainer when the volumetric container is placed on the base of thefixture. The fixture also includes at least one clamping mechanismdisposed on each clamp platform. The platforms have a height sufficientto position the clamping mechanism over the top surface of the lid, suchthat, when in position, the clamps force the lid down onto thevolumetric container.

[0028] Other embodiments of the invention are directed to systems foranalyzing aggregate samples. The system includes: (a) a volumetriccontainer with a detachable lid, the lid having a syringe access portformed therethrough; (b) a syringe having a body adapted to hold liquidtherein and a lumen length sufficient to extend below the lid (and underthe surface of the liquid) when in position in the access port; and (c)computer program code for determining percent absorption and specificgravity of fine or very fine aggregate samples.

[0029] Other embodiments include systems for analyzing aggregate samplesthat include a volumetric container with a detachable lid that togetherdefine a fixed internal volume and computer program code for determiningpercent absorption and/or specific gravity of aggregate samples based ona first weight obtained of the volumetric container with the lidattached and full of liquid and a second weight obtained of thevolumetric container with the lid attached and full of liquid and anaggregate material sample.

[0030] Still other embodiments are directed to systems with the computerprogram code being selectable by the user depending on whether coarse orfine aggregates are being analyzed.

[0031] Additional embodiments are for systems for analyzing aggregatesamples that include: (a) a rigid container with a detachable liddefining an internal volume; (b) at least one flow path located in anupper portion of the container; (c) a vacuum source in fluidcommunication with the container; and (d) computer program code fordetermining percent absorption and/or specific gravity of aggregatesamples based on a first weight obtained of the container with the lidattached with liquid and an aggregate material sample located at abottom portion thereof with the liquid level extending above theaggregate.

[0032] The system may include at least one valve positioned in the flowpath between the container and the vacuum source.

[0033] Yet another embodiment is a system for analyzing aggregatesamples comprising: (a) a container with a detachable lid defining aninternal volume; (b) a pressure source in fluid communication with thecontainer; (c) at least one flow path located in an upper portion of thecontainer in communication with the pressure source and the container;and (d) computer program code for determining percent absorption and/orspecific gravity of aggregate samples based on a first weight obtainedof the volumetric container with the lid attached with liquid and anaggregate material sample located at a bottom portion thereof with theliquid level extending above the aggregate.

[0034] In particular embodiments, the pressure source is a piston. Incertain embodiments, the system can include a subcontainer configured tohold the aggregate inside the container, and a scale held inside thecontainer above the liquid level, the scale being configured with an armthat suspends the subcontainer above the bottom of the container.

[0035] The computer program product may also include one or more ofcomputer readable program code for assigning an absorption correctionfactor to the calculated absorption value based on the absorptioncharacteristics of the aggregate material undergoing analysis and codefor determining the specific gravity of the aggregate materialundergoing analysis based on the first and second density data input.

[0036] The techniques provided by the present invention can avoid directdetermination of the mass of the sample at the SSD condition, which, asnoted above, can be difficult to define with fine aggregates.Advantageously, the test methods and systems of the present inventionare repeatable and can reduce or inhibit operator variability. Further,the systems and methods of the present invention can reduce the amountof active testing time, typically down to a time on the order of 10-30minutes. A 24-hour saturation period is not required and the methods andsystems can be used with both fine and coarse aggregates as well as withboth high and low porosity aggregates and other material such asceramics and other formed graded materials.

[0037] Other embodiments of the present invention include systems andmethods for determining the material property characteristics of amaterial sample such as, apparent specific gravity or density of amaterial. The method includes obtaining a material sample of anconstruction material undergoing analysis; drying the material sample;determining the dry weight of the material sample; determining thecalibrated volume of a container; placing the material sample into thecontainer; evacuating the container with the sample held therein;introducing liquid into the container so that the material sample isheld immersed under the liquid in the container after the evacuatingstep; measuring the weight of the material sample and the containerwhile the sample is held immersed in the liquid in the container; anddetermining the apparent density of the sample based on the dry weightof the sample, the calibrated volume of the container, and the weightobtained during said measuring step.

[0038] Still other embodiments include systems and methods fordetermining material property characteristics of a material such as theapparent specific gravity, porosity, or absorption characteristics of amaterial. The embodiments can include, similar to the embodimentdescribed above, obtaining a material sample of a construction materialundergoing analysis; drying the material sample; and determining the dryweight of the material sample. The method can also include the steps ofplacing the material sample into subcontainer; positioning thesubcontainer and the material sample in a container; introducing liquidinto the container so that the material sample and the subcontainer areheld immersed under the liquid in the container; measuring a firstweight of the material sample and the container while the sample is heldimmersed in the liquid in the container at atmospheric pressure;evacuating the container with the sample held in the subcontainerpositioned therein; measuring a second weight of the material sample andthe container while the sample is held immersed in the liquid in thecontainer after said evacuating step; and determining a first densityand second density and/or absorption of the material sample based on theweights obtained during said measuring steps.

[0039] In another embodiment, the evacuating step can be replaced with apressurizing step whereby the pressure in the container is elevated withthe sample held in the subcontainer positioned therein and the secondweight of the material sample and the container is measured while thesample is held immersed in the liquid in the container with the pressureelevated above atmospheric pressure.

[0040] Certain embodiments of the methods of the present invention maybe able to assess other physical parameters associated with the materialsample, such as, but not limited to, the permeability of materialsamples, the porosity of material samples, the apparent specificgravity, the maximum density, the maximum specific density and otherrelated measurements or parameters. Further, the analysis may beautomated so that the scales, vacuum equipment, or other machinery canbe integrated to directly input desired measurement data to a computerprocessor that can then calculate the desired parameter and output theinformation to the operator.

[0041] The above summary is not intended to limit the scope of theinvention as other apparatus and fixtures can also be used to carry outthe methods of the present invention.

[0042] The foregoing and other objects and aspects of the presentinvention are explained in detail in the specification set forth below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0043]FIG. 1 is a front top perspective view of an aggregate sampledivided into first and second portions.

[0044]FIG. 2 is a side perspective view of the first divided portion ofFIG. 1 positioned in a container with liquid introduced according toembodiments of the present invention.

[0045]FIG. 3 is a top view of the container and first sample portionshown in FIG. 2 weighed according to embodiments of the presentinvention.

[0046]FIG. 4 is a top front perspective view of the second dividedportion of FIG. 1 placed in a different bag and then positioned to bevacuum sealed in a vacuum chamber according to embodiments of thepresent invention.

[0047]FIG. 5 is a front view of the evacuated sealed bag holding thesecond portion as the evacuated bag and sample are held submerged in theliquid bath according to embodiments of the present invention.

[0048]FIG. 6 is a front view of the bag and sample of FIG. 5illustrating an opening being introduced to the evacuated sealed bag asthe bag is held submerged under the liquid according to embodiments ofthe present invention.

[0049]FIG. 7 is a top view of the opened bag held in the liquid bathwhile the weight is obtained.

[0050]FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a method for determining the percentabsorption of aggregate material samples according to embodiments of thepresent invention.

[0051]FIG. 9A is a graph of calculated absorption versus applied vacuumtime for three different aggregates according to embodiments of thepresent invention.

[0052]FIG. 9B is a graph of correction values, at zero vacuum, versustotal absorption for three exemplary materials based on vacuum time foraggregates with varying absorption characteristics according toembodiments of the present invention.

[0053]FIG. 10A is a data collection table illustrating data obtained fordetermining specific gravity, porosity, and/or absorption according toembodiments of the present invention.

[0054]FIG. 10B is a data collection table illustrating data obtained fordetermining specific gravity, porosity, and/or absorption according toembodiments of the present invention.

[0055]FIG. 11 is a schematic illustration of a system for evaluatingapparent specific gravity or density of a material sample according toone embodiment of the present invention.

[0056]FIG. 12 is a schematic illustration of a system for evaluatingmaterial properties such as apparent specific gravity, density, orabsorption of a material sample according to one embodiment of thepresent invention.

[0057]FIG. 13 is a schematic illustration of a system for evaluatingmaterial characteristics such as apparent specific gravity, density, orabsorption of a material sample according to one embodiment of thepresent invention.

[0058]FIG. 14A is a front view of an apparatus comprising an aggregatevolume container, a securing fixture, and other implements forevaluating material specimens according to embodiments of the presentinvention.

[0059]FIG. 14B is a front view of the volume container and securingfixture shown in FIG. 14A with those components assembled according toembodiments of the present invention.

[0060]FIG. 15A is a front sectional view of a volume container accordingto embodiments of the present invention.

[0061]FIG. 15B is a front sectional view of the device shown in FIG. 15Aillustrating a syringe in position according to embodiments of thepresent invention.

[0062]FIG. 16A is a block diagram of operations for carrying outevaluations of material samples according to embodiments of the presentinvention.

[0063]FIG. 16B is a front view of a cut location for a vacuum-sealed bagused to encase a material specimen according to embodiments of thepresent invention.

[0064]FIG. 17 is a front perspective view of an aggregate volumecontainer and implements according to additional embodiments of thepresent invention.

[0065]FIG. 18A is a block diagram of operations for carrying outevaluations of material samples according to embodiments of the presentinvention.

[0066]FIG. 18B is a front view of a location of a cut for avacuum-sealed bag used to encase a material specimen according toembodiments of the present invention.

[0067]FIG. 19 is a front view of a pycnometer or aggregate volumecontainer according to still additional embodiments of the presentinvention.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

[0068] The present invention will now be described more fullyhereinafter with reference to the accompanying figures, in whichpreferred embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may,however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construedas limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Like numbers refer tolike elements throughout. Layers may be exaggerated for clarity. In theblock diagrams, broken lines indicate such operation or feature isoptional.

[0069] Generally stated, embodiments of the present invention employ twomeasurements of aggregate weights based on a (initially) dry sample(s).The weight measurements can be obtained by splitting the sample into twoor more samples. Alternatively, a single (the same) sample can beanalyzed serially to obtain the weights and values used to determine thedesired parameter(s). For ease of discussion, the present invention willbe described as using two different samples for clarity of description.

[0070] The weights of the two samples are obtained under differentconditions (or the one sample is weighed at different times underdifferent conditions) and these values can be used to determine thedesired material parameter. One of the samples is used to determine afirst weight or density value (corresponding to an apparent density) andthe other is used to determine a second weight or density value. The twodensity values are then used to determine the desired material parameteror property. For example, the two weights can be used to calculate thepercent absorption without directly measuring the mass at SSD (which canbe difficult to determine, particularly for fine aggregates).

[0071] The specific gravity of an aggregate can be stated to be theratio of the weight of a unit volume of material to the weight of thesame volume of water at about 25° C. (typically from about 20°-25° C.).Other liquids and temperatures can be used in the analysis with theappropriate correction factors/adjustments made to the ratio. There arethree generally accepted types of specific gravity for the aggregate:apparent specific gravity, bulk specific gravity, and effective specificgravity. Apparent specific gravity considers the volume as being thevolume of the aggregate sample itself and does not include the volume ofany pores, voids, or capillaries that become filled with water whensaturated (such as during a 24 hour soak period). Bulk specific gravityconsiders the overall volume of the aggregate sample including thepores, voids, and capillaries that become filled with water when soaked.The effective specific gravity considers the overall volume of theaggregate exclusive of the volume of pores that absorbs asphalt and canbe approximated as the weighted average of the apparent and bulkspecific gravity.

[0072] For asphalt applications, air voids in the compacted asphaltpavement appear in the mix as small pockets of air between the asphaltcoated aggregate particles. Thus, when designing a particular mixturefor an application, the choice or selection of the specific gravity mayhave a substantial impact on the calculated amount of air voids in themixture. The actual or real specific gravity of the aggregate in themixture will depend on the absorptivity of the aggregate (the amount ofasphalt the aggregate in the mixture will absorb).

[0073] Absorption relates to the porosity of an aggregate and isgenerally represented by the amount of water (or other specified liquid)it absorbs when soaked in water (or other liquid). A porous orabsorptive aggregate can absorb asphalt, which may make an asphaltmixture dry or less cohesive. To compensate, an additional amount ofasphalt can be added to the paving mixture when a porous aggregate isused in the design. It is also noted that very porous aggregates mayrequire a significant amount of additional asphalt because they tend tohave high absorption rates. In certain applications, highly absorptiveor porous aggregates are used when they possess other desirablequalities. For example, blast furnace slag and other synthetic andmanufactured aggregates are lightweight and highly porous. Theirlightness and wear-resistant properties still make them desirable foruse in many pavement construction projects.

[0074] Turning now to the figures, FIG. 1 illustrates a material sample10. The material sample, which can be an aggregate material sample, 10can be selected such that it is representative of the material mixtureand may be obtained according to the procedures described in C 702 (asreferenced in ASTM C128). The aggregate material sample 10 may includeboth fine and coarse aggregates (and may also include dust or mineralfiller), which can be separated and graduated according to well-knownprocedures, as needed for the material sample undergoing analysis. Theaggregate material sample may also contain a plurality of differentaggregate composition types.

[0075] Embodiments of the present invention can be used for both fineand coarse aggregate assessments. As noted above, the term “coarseaggregate” is typically applied to mineral and/or synthetic aggregatematerial that is retained on a 2.36 mm (No. 8) sieve. The term “fineaggregate” applies to material passing through the 2.36 mm (No. 8)sieve. Mineral filler or fine aggregate (including “very fine”aggregate) is applied to material of which at least 70% passes through a75 μm (No. 200) sieve. Asphalt pavement and/or asphalt concretespecifications typically require that the aggregate particles are withina certain range of sizes and that each size is present in a certainproportion. The aggregate mixture may include aggregates of differentshapes as well as aggregates of different material types. For example,many asphalt mixtures contain both angular and rounded aggregateparticles. The coarse aggregate particles can be a crushed stone orgravel and the fine aggregate can be a natural sand (round particles) orstone screenings. The term “porous or absorptive materials” includesmaterials that have a tendency to have voids, such as asphalt coatedaggregate particles, and/or materials which have greater than or equalto about 2% by weight absorption.

[0076] The sample 10 can be selected such that it is sized on the orderof between about 100-5000 g which is then divided into at least twosubstantially equal portions. For example, two portions between about50-2500 grams, and more typically between about 1000-2000 grams each.Alternatively, one of the sample portions 10A, 10B may be selected suchthat it is smaller or larger than the other. Further, for compositionmixtures comprising larger sized coarse aggregates, each sample portionsize may approach 4000 grams or more.

[0077] The calculations, which will be discussed below, for each of theweight-based measurements (densities), can be independently determinedwithout regard to the particular weights used for each sample.

[0078] In certain embodiments, a material sample of at least about 2000grams is obtained. As shown, the sample 10 can be subdivided into tworepresentative samples 10A, 10B. The sample 10 or the two subdividedsamples 10A, 10B are completely dried according to well-knownprocedures. In certain embodiments, each of the first and second samples10A, 10B are subdivided from the parent sample 10 in substantially equalamounts. For ease of discussion, these samples 10A, 10B will bedescribed as being 1000 g each. Other quantities of the sample 10 andsample portions 10A, 10B can be used as long as they are substantiallyrepresentative of the material being analyzed.

[0079] The dry weight of the first sample 10A is obtained. The firstsample 10A is then inserted or placed into a container 20A as shown inFIG. 2. The weight and volume of the container 20A is determined(preferably in a dry condition and before the first sample is positionedtherein). The weight of the sample 10A in the container 20A can also beobtained (or this weight can be obtained as an alternative to obtainingthe weight of the dry sample alone). The container 20A can be a flexibleor collapsible bag or a rigid or semi-rigid container. In certainembodiments, such as shown in FIGS. 14B, 17, 19 the container 520A,520A′, 820A can be a liquid bath (primary) container itself such thatthe material specimen is placed directly therein and covered withliquid. In other embodiments, the container is actually a sub-containerthat can be placed in a primary container such as the liquid bathcontainer.

[0080] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, after the sample 10A is placedin the container 20A, the container 20A and the aggregate sample 10A areslowly lowered into the liquid bath 30 until they are submerged. Anoperator can agitate the aggregate sample 10A in the container 20A suchas by gently feathering the water over the sample or moving the samplearound in the container, by hand, to cause the liquid or water 30 w inthe liquid bath 30 to fill the air spaces between the aggregate. Careshould be taken during this operation to remove all large air bubblesfrom the bag as the bag is immersed into the liquid bath 30.

[0081] As shown in FIG. 3, a lift 40 is used to lower the sample 10A andthe container 20A into the liquid bath 30. Once submerged and after thescales have stabilized, the weight of the container 20A and sample 10Aunder water is obtained. The scales (not shown) can be operablyassociated with the lift (to weigh based on the suspended weight) orwith the bottom of the liquid bath to weigh the change in the liquidbath before and after the container 20A and specimen are submergedtherein.

[0082] In other embodiments, as shown for example in FIG. 15A, thesample 10A can be placed into a volume container 520A (the sample is notshown in the container in this figure for clarity of discussion). Thevolume container 520A is configured with a lid 520L that can be securelyattached to the body of the container 520A after the material sample 10Aand a certain quantity of liquid have been introduced therein. In theembodiment shown in FIG. 15A, the lid 520L of the volume container 520Aincludes two fluid ports, a primary (inlet) port 520 p and a secondaryport 521. The secondary port 521 can be formed of a limited channelsize, such as about ⅛-⅙ inches or less. This device 520A may beparticularly suitable for evaluating material samples comprising fineaggregates. As will be discussed further below, the container 520A canbe partially filled with liquid and the sample 10A then added thereto ina manner such that air between particles can be removed. Additionalliquid can then be added so that the liquid 30 w and sample 10A occupythe same volume as the volume of the container determined by liquidalone (i.e., the filler materials fill the internal volume of thecontainer 520A defined by the internal volume after the lid has beenplaced thereon).

[0083] In particular embodiments, such as for evaluating materialspecimens comprising fine aggregates, air can be removed from betweenthe particles by gently stirring the sample 10A in the container 520Awhile taking care to keep the sample 10A under the liquid surface. Then,liquid can be added to a predetermined volume (that may be noted by amark or other indicia on the container 520A itself). The sample 10Ashould be completely submerged before stirring. The lid 520L can beplaced on the container 520A to enclose the liquid and material sample10A therein. Then, to completely fill the volume, liquid can be addedvia fluid port 520 p until liquid can be seen in the top portion of (orbleeds from) port 521. The liquid should be introduced under the liquidsurface level. In particular embodiments, as shown in FIG. 15B, asyringe 525 can be inserted into the port 520 p such that its lumen 526is sufficiently long to discharge the fluid under the liquid surfacelevel.

[0084] After filling, any moisture or excess liquid that is proximatethe port 521 can be dried or removed. In particular embodiments, whereliquid has exited the joint 520 j (FIG. 15A) between the lid andcontainer body, care should be taken so as not to disrupt or remove thismoisture or liquid. The container 520A with the sample 10A and filledvolume (liquid) can be weighted to obtain a total weight. FIG. 10Billustrates a sample data worksheet that can be used by the operator ordigitally performed to determine the desired material propertyparameters.

[0085] The container 520A and lid 520L can be configured in any suitablevolume size and can be formed of any suitable rigid material, including,but not limited to, metal and/or glass. The lid 520L should be securedto the body of the underlying container 520A and should be configured sothat it is sufficiently rigid so that it does not yield or deform whenthe inner volume of the enclosed container is filled with liquid orliquid and aggregate samples.

[0086]FIGS. 14A and 14B illustrate that a container holding fixture 540can be used to secure the lid 520L to the container 520A so as toinhibit the entry of air at the seal. As shown, the fixture 540 includesa platform surface or base 540 b and a plurality of upwardly extendingclamps 540 c. The base 540 b is planar and configured to hold thecontainer 520A thereon. The clamps 540 c rest on upwardly extendingplatforms 541 that position the clamps 540 c vertically above the base adistance generally corresponding to the height of the lid 520L. Theclamp platforms 541 are arranged on the base 540 b so as to bepositioned proximate the outer wall of the container 520A when thecontainer is positioned thereon. As shown, stops 540 s may also be usedto provide alignment indicia on the platform 540 b. A stirring implementsuch as a metal spatula 527 may be used to help evenly distribute theaggregate sample about the bottom of the container 520A.

[0087] In position, the clamps 540 c are configured to be able tocontact the perimeter outer surface of the lid 520L and impart acompressive downward force onto the lid 520L so as to substantially sealthe joint 520 j and inhibit the liquid from exiting therefrom, even whenthe container volume is full (at capacity) of liquid and/or liquid andaggregate. The fixture 540 and the closed container 520A can be put onthe scales and weighed together. The weight attributed to the fixture540 and container 520A as well as the liquid can be adjusted for in thecalculation/analysis.

[0088] The lid 520L should be attached to the body and configured in amanner so that it does not yield or deform when the inner volume isfilled with liquid or liquid and aggregate samples. Of course, othersealing means and/or container configurations can also be used, forexample, O-rings, gaskets, threaded mating members, and the like. Inother embodiments, the base 540 b can be otherwise configured, such aswith a recessed portion to receive the container 520A therein. Inaddition, clamps, where used, can be attached to tables or the containerand lid themselves without using platforms or bases. However, the use ofthe stationary fixture reduces the variables in the measurements byproviding repeatable, consistent procedures to obtain the volumetricweights.

[0089] For coarse aggregate evaluations, a similar volumetric container520A′ can be used as shown in FIG. 17. In this embodiment, the containerlid 520L′ is not required to have the port or 521 but can have port 520p. In addition, neither does the fixture 540 need to be used to securethe lid onto the body of the container 520A′. However, as shown in FIG.17, the container 520A′ may include a post that may be configured todefine a port 521 p′. In operation, the container 520A′ can be partiallyfilled with liquid (typically filled about half way with water), thenthe coarse aggregate sample placed therein (such as about 2000 +/−1gram). The coarse aggregates can be manipulated so as to besubstantially evenly distributed about the container 520A′. Inparticular embodiments, a rubber mallet 528 can be used to hit thecontainer at about equal intervals about the outside wall (such as aboutat 90 degree increments) to attempt to cause the aggregate to positionmore evenly therein and/or to dislodge trapped air from the sample.Other agitation, rotation, or distribution means can also be employedfor either of the methods described above.

[0090] For each of the above embodiments, an anti-foam or anti-bubbleformulation can be sprayed onto or introduced over the surface of thewater or liquid to reduce or inhibit air bubbles at the surface beforethe lid 520L, 520L′ is placed onto the container 520A, 520A′. As shown,a spray bottle 526 may be filled with a suitable spray, solution orformulation such as isopropyl alcohol.

[0091] In any event, additional liquid can be introduced into thecontainer 520A′ so as to fill any remaining space with liquid. The lid520L′ can be aligned and seated properly so as to attach to thecontainer body and define an enclosed volume. Excess liquid or water canexit the port 520 p′. The container outer surface (top and sides) can bedried (such as with air or a towel). The filled closed container 520A′can then be weighed.

[0092]FIG. 19 illustrates another embodiment of a volumetric container820A. In this embodiment, the container 820A includes a lid or top 820Lthat includes visual or optical indicia of liquid level (fill line) 820f thereon. As such, the lid can be formed of a material that allows theliquid level to be visually or optically compared to the fill line 820f. This can allow the container 820A to be repeatedly filled to aconstant fixed volume reliably. Other means of providing consistent filllevels can also be used (such as pressure or liquid sensors/floats andthe like). In certain embodiments, the lid 820L is translucent ortransparent such as formed of glass or other substantially rigidtransparent or translucent material so as to be able to remain seatedand hold its shape when liquid is filled to the fill line 820 f. Thecontainer body 820A can also be formed of glass. The container 820A andlid 820L can be termed a particular type of volumetric container,namely, a “pyconometer”. As shown, upper portion of the lid 820L caninclude a region that has a reduced cross-sectional width compared tothe width or cross-sectional area of the underlying container 820A. Asshown, the region is less than about 30% the cross-sectional width todefine a relatively narrow neck 820N. The neck 820N can be oriented tobe substantially vertical and so that the upper end portion includes anopen-end portion 820 p, through which liquid can be added to the fillline 820 f after the lid is attached to the body, 820L, 820A,respectively, as needed. In operation, liquid and an aggregate sample10A can be disposed into the container 820A in a sufficient quantity tooccupy substantially the entire internal defined constant or fixedvolume and to exhibit a corresponding weight. This type of volumetriccontainer 820A can be used for both coarse and fine aggregateevaluations.

[0093] In certain embodiments, another different or second container20B, as shown in FIG. 4, is used to hold the second sample 10B. The dryweight of this sample 10B can be measured before it is placed in thesecond container 20B. Alternatively, the dry weight of the sample 10Bheld in the container 20B can be measured. As shown, the secondcontainer 20B can be a flexible bag that is able to conform to thecontour of the sample held therein when exposed to an evacuating andsealing process. The bag may be an elastomeric, plastic bag,elastomeric/foil lined bag, or other water resistant material bag.Suitable bags identified as Corelok® bags are available from InstroTek,Inc., located in Raleigh, N.C. Other container types can be used as longas they are configured to allow water to enter in after reaching anevacuated state with the material sample held therein. For fineaggregates, care should be taken to retain the fine aggregates in thecontainer during the weight measurements when water enters the containerto wet the sample.

[0094] In certain embodiments, the sample 10B is positioned in the bag20B such that it is consistently spread across the width or area of thecontainer away from the open end or edge portion 21 which can besubsequently sealed along a sealing edge portion 20Be.

[0095] For example, particularly for coarse aggregate samples, aphysical spreading of the sample may be needed before or after it isplaced in the vacuum apparatus so as to make the aggregate layersubstantially flat. Further an inner compressible “channel” bag may beused to help inhibit punctures during handling. The channels are smallsurface (rough) patterned channels configured in the bag to help directair out thereof during the evacuation process. Typically, only the outerbag 20B is sealed (the inner bag fits within the outer bag such that itsend does not overlie the sealing strip). See, e.g., U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 09/580,792 the contents of which are herebyincorporated by reference as if recited in full herein.

[0096] The bag 20B and the sample 10B are placed in or connected to bein fluid communication with a vacuum apparatus. As shown in FIG. 4, thesample 10B in the bag 20B is placed in the chamber 46 of a vacuumapparatus 45 and oriented such that the open edge portion 21 ispositioned so that at the proper time in the evacuation process, theopen end of the bag 21 will be automatically sealed at the sealing edgeportion 20Be while held in the vacuum chamber 45. A suitable vacuumapparatus identified as a CoreLok™ vacuum apparatus is available fromInstroTek, Inc., located in Raleigh, N.C. Further descriptions of thevacuum apparatus and methods and bags are described in co-pending andco-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/580,792 the contents ofwhich were incorporated by reference above.

[0097] After the evacuated sample is sealed in the bag 20B, it isremoved from the vacuum chamber 46 and held under water such that it issubmerged into the liquid bath as shown in FIG. 5. The sealed bag 20B isopened while the bag and sample 10B are held submerged under water. Thebag 20B can be opened by cutting, tearing, puncturing, or otherwisecompromising the sealed integrity of the bag. Thus, at least one opening35 is inserted into the bag 20B. The opening 35 can be positioned about¼-½ inch under the seal 20Be. After inserting the opening into the bag20B, the bag walls can be separated or pulled gently apart to allowwater to enter therein, with care being taken to hold the sample 10B andthe bag 20B completely under water.

[0098] For fine aggregates, the opening(s) can be sized to be about 1inch or less and can be introduced at an upper edge portion as shown inFIG. 16B. A first opening can be introduced and, after liquid enters thebag 20B, another opening about the same size and same position relativeto the top can be cut into the bag. For coarse aggregates, as shown inFIG. 18B, a larger opening may be used, such as about 3-4 inches, againin the top edge portion of the bag 20B. Where an inner bag is used, careshould also be taken to open both the inner and outer bags (while heldimmersed in the liquid) so that water or liquid can flow into both. Thecut bag(s) 20B can remain immersed for a period of time (such as betweenabout 5-30 minutes and typically about 10 minutes for fine aggregatesand about 20 minutes for coarse aggregates) before a weight reading isobtained. In operation, the bags are cut open while they are heldimmersed or submerged. To obtain the weight, the opened bags andaggregate can be placed on a weighing basket remaining completelysubmerged. Examples of the submerged or immersed cut bags are shown inFIGS. 16B and 18B.

[0099] The aggregate sample 10B may be gently shaken or agitated tofacilitate the removal of any remaining air bubbles adhering to thesurface of the bag. In any event, the weight of the sample 10B in theopened (previously evacuated and sealed) bag 20B is measured as the bagand sample are held under water.

[0100] The measured weights can be input into a general purpose orspecial purpose processor, and computer program products and algorithmscan calculate the percent absorption, apparent specific gravity and bulkspecific gravity in a relatively short analysis period (the entireprocedure can be carried out in about 10-40 minutes not including thedrying period). The calculations will be discussed further below.

[0101]FIG. 8 illustrates method steps that can be used to obtain theabsorption characteristic of aggregate material mixtures according toembodiments of the present invention. First and second aggregate samplesare obtained (Blocks 110, 112). The samples can be weighed (and/or theweight can be calculated by subtracting the bag weight from the combinedweight of the container and the sample) (Blocks 111 a, 111 b). Thedotted lines in FIG. 8 represents that the associated step is optional.The first and second samples are dried (Block 114). The first and secondsamples can be dried either before or after they are separated into twodifferent samples (such as in bulk form together after the aggregatesare selected from the mixture). The first sample is placed into acontainer with liquid (Block 116).

[0102] In certain embodiments, the first sample can be placed in an open(i.e., not sealed) subcontainer before it is put into the container withliquid and weighed (Block 118), and if so, the subcontainer with thesample can then be weighed while held submerged under liquid (Block 116a). In certain embodiments, additional liquid can be added to thecontainer so as to occupy a predetermined volume.

[0103] In other embodiments, the first sample and container aresubmerged into a liquid bath and liquid or water is allowed to entertherein at atmospheric pressure. In each case, the weight of the firstsample and the container is obtained while the sample is submerged(Block 120). As noted above, the same sample can be used for each of thefirst and second samples. For example, after the sample is dried andanalyzed according to one of the first and second samples, it can thenbe redried and used to obtain the second set of measurements.

[0104] The second sample is placed into a bag (Block 126). The secondsample and bag can be weighed (Block 126 a) before the bag is closed andvacuum-sealed (Block 127). The vacuum seal process can be carried out atapproximately 29.7 in Hg. The weight of the vacuum-sealed bag with thesecond sample can be obtained (Block 127 a). The sealed bag is thensubmerged or immersed into the liquid bath (Block 128). The sealed bagis opened (such as by cutting or puncturing the bag) while the bag andthe second sample are held under water (or other liquid) in the liquidbath (Block 129). The weight of the opened vacuum-sealed bag and secondsample is obtained as they are held submerged in the water of the liquidbath (Block 130). The percent absorption or porosity can be determinedbased on the weights of the two samples which have been obtained (Block140). A correction factor may be applied for highly absorptive aggregatematerials (Block 145). The specific gravity may also be calculated(Block 150).

[0105] The weight measurement of the dry weight of the second sample andthe saturated submerged weight (after the bag is opened under water andweighed, Block 130) can be used to calculate a fully saturated density,ρ, (apparent density), of the aggregate sample undergoing evaluation. Asecond density can be obtained by establishing the weight of the firstsample and the weight of the first sample in the container when thesample is completely wetted. The second density can be obtained byobtaining the weight of the volumetric container holding the sample andliquid that are filled to occupy a specific or predetermined volume.This measurement can, in turn, be used to obtain the volume of the firstsample. In other embodiments, the wet sample and container in the liquidbath can be placed on top of a scale to obtain the weight under water.The submerged weight and the dry weight or the determination of thevolume of the sample and the weight of the first sample allows for thecalculation of the second density, ρ_(u). The following equations can beused to express these density values based on the measurements andrelationships (as shown in FIG. 10A). $\begin{matrix}{\rho_{u} = \frac{{Col}\quad (1)}{{{Col}(1)} + {{Col}(2)} - {{Col}\quad (3)} - \frac{{Col}(2)}{0.891}}} & {{Equation}\quad (1)} \\{\rho_{v} = \frac{{Col}\quad (4)}{{{Col}(4)} + {{Col}(5)} - {{Col}\quad (6)} - \frac{{Col}(5)}{0.891}}} & {{Equation}\quad (2)}\end{matrix}$

[0106] The container holding the second sample as well as the containerholding the first sample may both be weighed before the respectivesamples are positioned therein, and the weights recorded for use insubsequent calculations of the absorption and/or specific gravity.

[0107] For substantially rigid or constant volume container evaluations(such as shown in FIGS. 14A et seq.), the following relationships can beused, where the weight of the dry sample A in air is “A” (col. A in FIG.10B worksheet), and the weight of sample A in container (with lid)filled with water is Waf (col. B in FIG. 10B worksheet), the weight ofcontainer (with lid) with water alone filled to the predetermined volumeis Wv (top row of FIG. 10B worksheet, volumetric container calibrationdata), the weight of the dry sample B in air is “B” (FIG. 10B, col. D),and the weight of the bag is Wc (FIG. 10B, col. C), the dry weight ofthe vacuum-sealed bag with sample B is Wbs, and the weight of the sealedsample B open in water is We (FIG. 10B, col. E). $\begin{matrix}{\rho_{u} = \frac{A}{{Wv} - \left( {{Waf} - A} \right)}} & {{Equation}\quad (3)} \\{{\rho \quad v} = \frac{B}{{Wbs} - {We} - {{Wc}/0.891}}} & {{Equation}\quad (4)}\end{matrix}$

[0108] Absorption can be expressed as function of, and may be calculatedfrom, the first and second density measurements. Knowing the absorptionand the saturated density one can calculate the SSD condition, bulkspecific gravity at SSD, and bulk specific gravity dry basis of theaggregates from established equations. The following equations can beused for these calculations. $\begin{matrix}{{\% \quad {absorption}} = {{\% \quad {abs}} = \frac{100\quad \left( {B - A} \right)}{A}}} & {{Equation}\quad (5)}\end{matrix}$

 Apparent Specific Gravity=Saturated Maximum Gravity $\begin{matrix}{{{Apparent}\quad {Specific}\quad {Gravity}} = {{{Saturated}\quad {Maximum}\quad {Gravity}} = {\rho_{v} = \frac{A}{A - C}}}} & {{Equation}\quad (6)}\end{matrix}$

 Bulk Specific Gravity, SSD Basis $\begin{matrix}{{{Bulk}\quad {Specific}\quad {Gravity}},{{{SSD}\quad {Basis}} = \frac{B}{B - C}}} & {{Equation}\quad (7)}\end{matrix}$

 Bulk Specific Gravity, dry Basis $\begin{matrix}{{{Bulk}\quad {Specific}\quad {Gravity}},{{{dry}\quad {Basis}} = {{Bsg}\frac{A}{B - C}}}} & {{Equation}\quad (8)}\end{matrix}$

[0109] where:

[0110] A=Mass of oven-dry sample in air, g;

[0111] B=Mass of saturated surface-dry sample in air, g; and

[0112] C=Mass of saturated sample in water, g.

[0113] From the two density measurements obtained as described above forthe first and second samples, the percent absorption and apparentdensity can be calculated based on the following calculations.

[0114] Generally stated, the measurement(s) associated with the firstsample above, where the container is not vacuum-sealed, can be anindication of the density of the dry material where the volume includesthe volume of the water permeable voids.

[0115] The measurement(s) associated with the second sample above, wherethe aggregate in the sealed evacuated bag is opened under water, can bea measure of the density of the dry material to the volume of theaggregate excluding the water permeable voids. Therefore, thecalculation of absorption (or porosity) from these two quantities can berepresented in equation (9) below: $\begin{matrix}{{{Abs}\quad \%} = {\left( \frac{\rho_{v} - \rho_{U}}{\rho_{v}\rho_{U}} \right)\rho_{wat} \times 100}} & {{Equation}\quad (9)}\end{matrix}$

[0116] where Abs % is the percent absorption, ρ_(u) is the density ofaggregate simply measured by (a) using the rigid volumetric containerand weighing as described herein or (b) by using the value obtained byimmersing and weighing the first sample in water. ρ_(v) is the density(apparent density) of aggregate sealed in an evacuated bag, opened andweighed under water, ρ_(wat) is the density of water (typically about 1g/cm³).

[0117] This method assumes that the density measurement underatmospheric pressure (taken with the unsealed sample) only fills the airvoids between aggregates. However, in operation, some water may beabsorbed while the sample is being wetted and measured under water. Theamount of water absorbed during the density measurements of the unsealedsample will depend on the absorption characteristics of the aggregatesbeing tested. For this reason a calibration is performed for eachaggregate type to determine the correction to the final absorptioncalculation.

[0118] A calibration offset or adjustment may be performed on theaggregate in question to correct for the amount of absorption during thedetermination of density, ρ_(u). This correction factor or adjustmentcan be applied to the abs % calculated in equation (9).

[0119] The applicable correction adjustment for the aggregate can bedetermined by examining the amount of absorption as a function of timeover which the aggregate is exposed to vacuum. As the operating time ofthe vacuum process is reduced, the vacuum level achieved within thechamber is reduced. By reducing the vacuum level, the water will notinfiltrate the aggregate pores as effectively as under high vacuum.Calibrations can be performed at multiple vacuum time settings todetermine the absorption correction to be applied to measurements atatmospheric pressure, when the aggregate is exposed to water for shortperiod of time. Notably, these relationships can also be stated in termsof the actual vacuum setting instead of time. In addition, the initialabsorption may be determined by comparing the values obtained using themethods described above to another independent method of measurement.

[0120] Testing represented in the graph in FIG. 9A was performed onthree different types of aggregate, two of which were highly absorptiveand one of which was a low absorption material. Both the Chat Sand(natural sand from Chattanooga, Tenn.) and the MM aggregate (sandaggregates obtained from the Martin Marietta, Co., located in Raleigh,N.C.) are higher absorptive materials (the MM can also be described aslimestone screening); the LA #30 (fine sand particles generally used forconcrete mixing) is a lower absorptive aggregate.

[0121] A functional representation may be found which will best fit thedata shown in the plots of FIG. 9A. The equation may be in the formshown below:

Abs %=a _(c) +bexp(−(t−t _(c))²/σ)*f(t)+g(t)  Equation (10)

[0122] where a_(c) is the correction applied to the measured absorptionin equation (9), and b, σ, and t_(c) are fitting parameters, “t” isvacuum time, and f(t) and g(t) are fitting functions.

[0123] In other embodiments, another methodology can be used toestablish the above relationship for many different samples ofaggregates with varying absorption characteristics. This relationship(which can be described as a master relationship) can be established ata factory or a central laboratory at the customer site. Based on thisvacuum time, a correlation can be established for determination ofabsorption correction at zero vacuum. Aggregates of different absorptioncan be plotted as a function of applied correction versus measuredabsorption at a given vacuum time. The graph in FIG. 9B shows arepresentative linear relationship for absorption correction vs. totalabsorption from a master relationship for maximum vacuum time settingfor three different materials. This relationship can also be non-linearand can be performed at other vacuum levels and/or times.

[0124] In other embodiments, the correction may be determined bycomparing the absorption obtained in the method described above to othervalues obtained in other independent methods. For example, conductingthe above procedure(s) with materials of known composition and/orabsorption. The difference between the measured quantity obtained usingone of the evaluation methods described above can be compared to theactual known quantity to give the correction factor(s). These factorscan be calculated at several known absorption values and a predictiverelationship established which can be used in computer-based computationto generate correction factors at different material absorption values.Although described in connection with evaluating absorption, porosity orpermeability values can also be obtained similarly.

[0125] Once the percent absorption and apparent density are calculatedor a relationship established, equations (3) and (4) can be rearrangedto calculate B, and C, respectively. $\begin{matrix}{B = {\left( \frac{\left( {\% \quad {abs}} \right)(A)}{100} \right) + A}} & {{Equation}\quad (11)} \\{C = {A - \left( \frac{A}{\rho_{v}} \right)}} & {{Equation}\quad (12)}\end{matrix}$

[0126] The values for B and C can now be used to calculate Bulk SpecificGravity at SSD (Bsg SSD) and Bulk Specific Gravity dry basis (Bsg) fromequation (5) and (6).

[0127]FIG. 11 illustrates another embodiment of the present invention.Generally stated, in this embodiment, the apparent specific gravityand/or absorption of construction materials (loose or compacted) asdiscussed previously, can be calculated using weights of a known volumecontainer at various process points (empty and filled with a materialsample and liquid after evacuation) and with a quantity of a materialsample to calculate apparent density. These methods and systems canassess the filled and empty weights of a volumetrically calibratedcontainer 210.

[0128] As shown, the measurement system 200 includes the container 210which can be sealed. The container 210 includes a volume or levelindicator means so that the level of fluid therein can be assessed. Asshown, measurement indicia such as a graduated scale 211 can bepositioned on a wall 210 w of the container 210 so that the level offluid can be visually monitored. Alternatively, a level marker can bepositioned on the wall, or a plurality of level markers (which can becolor coded markers) can be used to identify the appropriate level foreach type or quantity of sample undergoing evaluation, if differentlevels are desired. In certain of the embodiments, the container istranslucent or transparent so that the level can be readily observedfrom the outside of the container 210. Other level indicator means ormonitors can alternatively or additionally be used such as, but notlimited to, infrared sensors, float gauges, and the like.

[0129] The container 200 includes a vacuum port 230 p and valve 220 influid communication with a vacuum source 230, and a vacuum gauge 231.The container 200 also includes a fluid inlet path 235 and outlet path237, each operably associated with a valve 235 v, 237 v to control theopening and closing of the paths 235, 237. The container 210 alsoincludes a releasable portion 250 to allow a quantity of a materialsample to be positioned in the calibrated container 200. As shown, thereleasable portion 250 can be a top portion 251 which includes a fluidinlet path and outlet path port 235 p, 237 p, respectively. The topportion 251 can be releasably attached and sealed to the container body210 b. The releasable portion 250 can be attached to the container body210 b in any suitable manner well known to those of skill in the art.For example, the top portion 251 can be sealed and secured to the body210 b via a gasket, O-ring, or other sealant material and a clampingstructure 260 as shown in FIG. 11. Alternatively, the releasable portion250 can be configured to matably attach to or threadably attached to theunderlying container body 210 b (threads may be provided on the insideor outside of the top portion of the container body). In operation, thereleasable portion 250 allows access to the inside of the container 210c. The releasable portion 250 may be otherwise formed into the container210, such as in a sidewall or bottom portion (not shown). The valves andfluid passages can also be alternatively formed into the container 210.

[0130] The system also includes a scale 269 which can be operablyassociated with a computer or computer processor 275 to automaticallyrelay and record the measured weights at particular process points asdesired. Similarly, each of the valves 220, 235 v, 237 v can beconfigured to be controlled manually or by automatic controls to openand close at desired process points.

[0131] In operation, in this embodiment, the apparent specific gravitycan be calculated using the container 210 (shown as a calibratedcylinder). The “calibration” is based on establishing a known volume forthe container 210 or cylinder. A weight of the container or cylinder 210can be obtained with the container in an unfilled/empty condition.Liquid or water 30′ can be added to the empty cylinder 210 until it isfilled to a desired level. The filled container weight can then bemeasured. Since the density of water is known as discussed above (i.e.,1 g/cm³) and the weight of the empty cylinder is known, the cylindervolume can be calculated by the following equation: $\begin{matrix}{{Volume} = \frac{{{Total}\quad {Weight}} - {{Empty}\quad {Cylinder}\quad {Weight}}}{{Density}\quad {of}\quad {Water}}} & {{Equation}\quad (13)}\end{matrix}$

[0132] In this embodiment, the releaseable portion 250 can be releasedsuch that a known amount of dry material sample 10 can be added to thecontainer 210. The releaseable portion 250 (or lid) is then replaced(shown as residing on top of the cylinder) and secured or locked inposition. A vacuum (with the vacuum valve 220 open) is then pulled onthe container 210. The vacuum gauge 231 can be used to indicate when aproper or desired vacuum level has been established in the container210. In certain embodiments, a vacuum level of about 29.7 inches Hg issuitable. Once the desired vacuum is achieved within the container 210,the vacuum valve 220 is closed and the water inlet valve 235 v is openedto allow water 30′ to enter into the inlet port 235 p and into thecontainer 210. A water level gauge 211 can be used to monitor the waterlevel 30′. As noted above, a transparent or translucent walled containercan also be used to visually monitor the water level inside thecontainer.

[0133] In any event, once the level of water 30′ is above the sample 10,the outlet valve 237 v can be opened to allow the water to flow out ofthe container 210 as desired (typically associated with methods desiringto fill the entire container volume with water). When the container 210has the desired level of liquid or water therein, the weight of thesample plus water can be used to calculate the maximum density (apparentdensity) of the sample. In certain embodiments, it may be preferred tofill the container with the water to obtain the filled weight. However,other levels can also be used as long as their volumetric weights can bereliably determined/established for input/adjustment to the mathematicalrelationships and calculations noted below. $\begin{matrix}{{Vs} = {{Vc} - \frac{{WT} - {WS}}{WD}}} & {{Equation}\quad (14)} \\{{{Apparent}\quad {Density}} = \frac{WS}{Vs}} & {{Equation}\quad (15)}\end{matrix}$

[0134] Where:

[0135] Vs=volume of sample

[0136] Vc=Calibrated volume of the cylinder

[0137] WT=Weight of sample plus water in the cylinder

[0138] WS=Weight of (dry) sample

[0139] WD=Density of water, generally 1 g/cm³ Once the container 210with the sample 10 has been subjected to vacuum and filled with water,the density can also be calculated by the water displacement method. Inorder to calculate density, the weight of the dry sample 10 in air andthe weight of the sample 10 and container 210 submerged under water in aconventional liquid bath can be determined. Using a correction factor orvalue corresponding to the offset in weight for the submerged volume ofthe cylinder (such as described for other embodiments above), theapparent density can be calculated by using the measurements obtained asdescribed above.

[0140] The process explained above can be fully automated with computercontrols and appropriate sensors to monitor water level, vacuum leveland valve shut off mechanism. It can also automatically monitor weightsfrom the scale 269 and relay the measurement data to a controller 275 sothat computer program products can automatically relay the weights fromthe scale 269 and perform the calculations and output or display theresults without relying on operator input.

[0141] Another embodiment of the invention, as shown for example in FIG.12, can include an integrated system 300 for determination of theapparent specific gravity and/or the amount of water absorbed by thematerial. As shown, similar to the embodiment of FIG. 11, the system 300includes a vacuum gauge 231, a vacuum source 230 and valve 220 operablyassociated with the vacuum source 230 and the port 230 p to thecontainer body 210 b′. The system 300 also includes a releaseableportion 250′ and sealable attachment means 260 to secure the releaseableportion to the container body 210 b′. The scale 269 can be mountedinside the container 210′. The system 300 can also include a releasevalve 240 and associated port 240 p to control the opening and closingof the chamber 210 c defined by the inside of the closed container 210so as to return the chamber to atmospheric condition after it has beenexposed to an evacuated state.

[0142] In the embodiment shown, vacuum access ports 270 p are formedinto a mounting shelf 270 that can hold the scale 269 above the materialsample 10. The mounting shelf 270 can also be otherwise configured suchas in a grate, mesh or foraminated structure. As is also shown, themounting shelf 270 can be configured to be releaseable from thecontainer body 210 b′ to allow access to the bottom portion of thecontainer body 210 b′. The mounting shelf 270 can also include anaperture 270 a formed therein to allow a longitudinally extendingsuspension member 271 to extend freely from the bottom surface 269 b ofthe scale 269 through the aperture 270 a.

[0143] The material sample 10 can be held in a subcontainer 310 insidethe container 210′. In certain embodiments, the subcontainer 310 is heldsuspended above the bottom of the container body 210 b′ in communicationwith the scale 269. In the embodiment shown, the suspension member 271extends between the sub-container 310 and the scale 269 and allows thescale 269 to weigh the material sample 10 at the desired process points.The subcontainer 310 is configured to allow water 30′ to enter thereinwhen submerged or held immersed in liquid or water 30′ in the container210 and also to retain the material sample 10 therein during theevaluation. For fine aggregates, a subcontainer 310 having a closedbottom and sides (at least up to the material sample level) may bepreferred. The subcontainer 310 can include apertures or openings formedinto the top portion of the subcontainer 310 to allow the water to entertherein during evaluation. In different embodiments, the subcontainer310 can be a rigid or collapsible body.

[0144] The scale 269, subcontainer 310, and material sample 10 can,thus, be configured to be a part of an integrated assembly, which can beplaced within the outer container 210′. The container 210′ is sized andconfigured to hold a sufficient quantity of water to submerge thematerial sample 10. The system 300 is configured to be sealable in anairtight manner and can be equipped with gaskets and locking mechanismsto allow a sufficient vacuum to be introduced to the chamber 210 c.

[0145] In operation, a known quantity of dry material sample 10 isplaced in the subcontainer 310. Liquid, typically water 30′, isintroduced into the chamber of the container 210′ in a quantitysufficient to hold the subcontainer and sample submerged under the waterduring evaluation. When the subcontainer and material 10 are completelysubmerged under water 30′, a first weight can be obtained at atmosphericpressure. A vacuum is then applied through the opened vacuum valve 220attached to the vacuum source 230. After the vacuum has been applied fora specified amount of time or reaches a specified vacuum level (such asabout 29.7 in Hg) which can be monitored by the vacuum gauge 231attached to the container in communication with the chamber 210 c, thecontainer chamber 210 c can be returned to atmospheric pressure byopening the release valve 240 and closing the vacuum valve 220. A secondweight reading can be obtained after the scales stabilize. The scalereading can be continuously or semi-continuously monitored to determinewhen the stabilization point has been reached.

[0146] The second weight (w₂)(associated with the weight of the materialin water after applying a vacuum) will be higher than the weight of thefirst measurement (w₁) taken before evacuation at atmospheric pressure.Using the weight in water of the first measurement, a first densityvalue can be obtained; using the weight in water of the secondmeasurement, a second density (maximum density or apparent specificgravity) can be obtained. The first density and the second density maybe used to calculate the absorption of the material. The table belowillustrates the variable identifier used in the mathematicalcalculations described below. (First (Second weight) weight) Weight inWeight of Weight in Water After Dry Water Being Subjected to FirstSecond Sample Material at 1 atm. a Vacuum Density Density 1 W₁ W₂ W₃ ρ₁ρ₂ 2 W₁' W₂' W₃' ρ₁' ρ₂'

[0147] Equations to calculate the first and second density are givenbelow. $\begin{matrix}{\rho_{1} = {\frac{w_{1}}{w_{1} - w_{2}}\rho_{w}}} & {{Equation}\quad (16)} \\{\rho_{2} = {\frac{w_{1}}{w_{1} - w_{3}}\rho_{w}}} & {{Equation}\quad (17)}\end{matrix}$

[0148] Where σ_(w) is the density of water, usually taken to be 1 g/cm³and the other variables are described in the table above. These valuesmay then be used to calculate the absorption using the formula givenbelow $\begin{matrix}{{{Abs}\quad \%} = {\left( \frac{\rho_{2} - \rho_{1}}{\rho_{1}\rho_{2}} \right)(100)\quad \rho_{w}}} & {{Equation}\quad (18)}\end{matrix}$

[0149] The above systems and processes can be partially or completelyautomated with sensors and controls integrated into a computeroperated/controlled process for one or more of the determination ofweights, calculation of densities and percent absorption.

[0150]FIG. 13 illustrates yet another embodiment of the invention thatmay be used to determine the amount of water absorbed by the materialsample 10. This system 400 employs a pressure source 420 (in contrast toa vacuum source). Similar to the embodiment shown in FIG. 12, the scale269 resides on a mounting shelf 270′ in the container 210″ above theliquid level 30′. The mounting shelf 270′ can be configured withapertures to allow air to flow therethrough and into the chamber 210 c′so that the chamber can be pressurized during evaluation. As before, thescale 269 can be operably associated with the material sample 10 that isheld in the subcontainer 310. The subcontainer 310 can be suspendedbelow the scale 269 and above the bottom of the container body 210″. Thescale 269, subcontainer 310, and material sample 10 are all configuredto reside in the outer container 210″ during evaluation. In operation,the container 210″ is sealed and configured to withstand a desiredelevated pressure (above atmospheric) pressure which may be applied tothe chamber 210 c′ and the material sample 10.

[0151] The container 210″ includes a releaseable top portion 250″ (shownas a lid) which can be sealed to the container body 210 b″ such as via agasket 250 g and matable or friction fit connection therebetween. Asbefore, the releaseable portion can be removed or moved to allow accessto the chamber 210 c′.

[0152] The system 400 also includes a pressure source 420 which is influid communication with the container chamber 210 c′. The containerbody 210 b″ includes a pressure port 230 p′ which allows the pressurizedair to move in and out of the chamber 210 c′. An enclosed pressuredelivery path 410 extends between the pressure port 230 p′ and thepressure source 420 to direct the pressurized fluid, typically air, intothe sealed chamber 210 c′. The delivery path 410 can be provided by aconduit, hose, line, pipe, or other suitable structure. In certainembodiments, the pressure source 420 is a piston 421 with a plunger 422cooperating with and sealably attached to an associated cavity 423. Theplunger head 422 h can include an O-ring or gasket 422 g thereabout toseal the plunger head 422 h against the walls of the cavity 423 w as theplunger head 422 h moves toward and away from the bottom of the cavity423 b. As the plunger 422 moves toward the bottom of the cavity 423 b,pressurized air is directed out of the cavity port 423 p through thedelivery path 410 and into the sealed chamber 210 c′.

[0153] In operation, water can be put into the container 210″ such thatthe subcontainer 310 and material sample 10 are completely submergedunder water. A first weight (w₁) can be obtained while the sample 10 andsubcontainer 310 are held immersed under water and while the chamber 210c′ is at atmospheric pressure, either by having the operator read thescale 269 or by automatically relaying or retrieving the data associatedwith the scale reading and transmitting it to a computer or controller(not shown). The pressure source 420 can increase the pressure in thechamber 210 c′. For example, in certain embodiments, the increase inpressure can be applied by automatically or manually moving the piston421 to direct pressurized air from the port 423 p at the cavity bottominto the delivery path 410 and then into the container 210″.

[0154] After the pressure has been applied for a specified amount oftime or after the pressure in the chamber 210 c′ reaches a specifiedpressure level, a second reading (w₂) can be obtained from the scale269, again either manually or via a computer interface. In someembodiments suitable pressures may be in the range of about 1.5-3 atm.In any event, the system 400 is configured to withstand whatever thedesired pressure for the particular application.

[0155] The pressure can be applied at a constant rate so as to begradually introduced over a desired evaluation period (corresponding tothe container size and the dead volume of the plumbing). The system 400can include one or more internally mounted pressure gauges/sensors (notshown). Alternatively, the air (or other fluid, preferably gas and morepreferably air) can be input into the container 210″ until the scale 269stabilizes (indicating no change in weight and that the water hasentered all voids). Continuously or semi-continuously monitoring thescale readings via a controller interface may allow accuratedetermination of the appropriate time at which to take the second weightreading. Further, the controller can numerically or graphicallycorrelate the time at which the stabilization point (or points) isreached along a time chart and automatically record or correlation to ofthe stabilization time with the time at which the second weight readingis obtained. The system can be configured to take multiple weights aboutdesired times during the process and average or correlate the readingsfor analysis. These readings may also be used to provide the secondweight value (by taking weight readings at various points in theprocess, such as at multiple points proximate to reaching a desiredstabilization level (with reduced fluctuation in readings) and averagingor correlating the weights. In addition, taking weights during a broadertime frame may allow the weights to be compared to a predictive model orto monitor the relative change during the process itself. Each of thesemay allow an operator to be alerted as to discrepancies in the testingprotocol or to the potential that the material is deficit in itsproperties based on the identified departure from a predictive model orstatistical norm or a particular material composition.

[0156] Using the weight in water of the first measurement (w₁) a firstdensity pi can be obtained, using the weight in water of the secondmeasurement (w₂) a second density ρ₂ can be obtained. The first densityρ₁ and the second density ρ₂ may be used to calculate the absorption ofthe material according to the equations and variable identificationsgiven for the embodiment shown in FIG. 12 (same table and equations).Again noting that ρ_(w) is the density of water, usually taken to be 1g/cm³. With these values the absorption may be calculated using theformula given for the FIG. 12 embodiment described above.

[0157] In still other embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 16A, 18A, and 19the apparent specific gravity, porosity, permeability or % absorption ofaggregates can be determined. The apparent specific gravity and/or %absorption values can be used to determine bulk specific gravity andsaturated surface dry (SSD) weight of the material specimen undergoingevaluation. The methods can be used to evaluate both fine and coarseaggregates. For each of these embodiments, a volumetric containercalibration procedure can be carried out and this value used in thematerial property evaluations and/or calculations. The calibration canbe run hourly, daily, weekly, or even before each evaluation. Thecalibration can also be carried out upon change in aggregate source. Asdescribed above, the volumetric container 520A, 520A′, 820A (FIGS. 14A,17, 19) is configured to define a consistent internal volume even whenthe container is filled to capacity with liquid and/or liquid andaggregate mixtures.

[0158] In certain particular embodiments for the calibration of thecontainer 520A shown in FIG. 14A, the fixture should be placed on alevel surface (the level can be confirmed using a level indicator tool)and then the container placed on the fixture base surface until italigns with the stops or other mounting position indicators as desired.The water is input to the fill line indicated (not quite full and atabout 0.25 inches from the top in the embodiment shown in FIG. 15A), thelid 520L is clamped or secured onto the container 520A, taking care tokeep the water level at or below the line to avoid spills as the lid isplaced onto the container 520A. The syringe 525 is inserted into port520 p and water is introduced below the water level in an amountsufficient to fill the container and lid volume as demonstrated by theembodiment shown in FIG. 15B. Slow and/or gentle insertion/release ofthe liquid or water during this step will inhibit air bubble formationinside the container. This operation is continued until the container isfull. To verify, an operator or optical reader can monitor the viewingport 521 to determine when water can be seen coming out of, entering, orapproaching the top portion of viewing port 521. Other automated sensingmeans can also be used as is known to those of skill in the art. Theexcess water can be removed or wiped off the container 520A and thefixture 540. Once full (i.e., the liquid occupies the internal definedvolume) the entire fixture 540 with the container 520A and lid 520L thatis attached thereto and fixed in place are positioned on a scale and theweight obtained. The lid 520L should be attached with sufficient forceso as to resist the urge to float away from the body of the container asthe internal volume is occupied with liquid. The weight can be recordedon a physical worksheet or record or electronically input into acomputer. The steps in this paragraph can be repeated a plurality oftimes (such as three) and the weights can be averaged. However, if thevariation between the calibration weights is larger than about 1 gram,and typically if the weights vary by about 0.2-0.5 grams, then there maybe a problem with either the fixture, the container, or the procedure asit is being carried out.

[0159] A similar calibration procedure can be carried out for thecontainer 520A′ shown in FIG. 17 (or that shown in FIG. 19). In thisembodiment, the container 520A′ can be filled with liquid (typicallywater) so that the liquid level is substantially at the top of the bowl.As before, the container 520A′ should be placed on a level surface. Thelid 520L′ can be placed on the container 520A′ by aligning and gentlypressing the lid down onto the underlying container so that liquid flowsfrom the lid port 520 p′. The lid 520L′ should be arranged so that itengages and seats with the underlying upwardly extending sides of thecontainer 520A′. External clamps are not required. Rather, the lid andcontainer can be configured to mate or attach in a number of ways sothat, in position, the lid 520L′ remains on the container and theinternal volume remains constant even when liquid fully occupies theinternal volume and is pressing up against the lid. As before, theexcess liquid can be removed from the outside of the container andattached lid. When properly seated, liquid should not exit the sidemating regions (i.e., joint) between the container and lid. The liquidfilled container can be placed on a scale and the weight obtained. Thisprocedure can be repeated a plurality of times and the weights averaged.FIG. 10B illustrates that three weights can be obtained and recordedonto a worksheet. As described for the calibration procedure above, thecalibration procedure can be periodically repeated.

[0160] Referring again to FIG. 16A, a sufficient quantity of a materialsample comprising fine aggregates is oven-dried and separated into twomaterial samples 10A, 10B, each comprising fine aggregates. Inparticular embodiments, a single test can be performed based on a 2000gram sample split into two samples of 1000 grams. Sample A is evaluatedaccording to the operations illustrated in Blocks 600-660, while sampleB is evaluated according to the operations illustrated in Blocks670-695.

[0161] A container (such as the volumetric container 520A shown in FIG.14A) can be completely dried (inside and out). In certain embodiments,the Sample A evaluation operations in Blocks 610-660 are carried outrapidly in under about 2-3 minutes, and typically in under about 2minutes. Increased evaluation time may impact the absorptiondetermination.

[0162] The container can be placed into the fixture and so that it is inits proper location (resting against stops as desired). The container ispartially filled with liquid (Block 600) and a material specimencomprising fine aggregates (Sample A) is added to the container (Block610). Typically the operation in Block 600 is performed first before theoperation described in Block 610, but may be performed in reverse orderin certain applications. In certain embodiments, about 500 ml of 78° F.water is put into the container. The weight of the dry sample A can beobtained (and it can be in a size to be about 1000 +/−1 gram). Thisvalue can be recorded in Col. A of the worksheet shown in FIG. 10B.

[0163] The aggregate sample is distributed about the bottom surface ofthe container (Block 620). This operation can be carried out by using animplement such as an aluminum spatula or other device to stir theaggregate to spread the aggregate so as to be substantially equallydistributed in the bottom of the container. The spatula can be gentlyinserted into the container to contact the bottom of the containerproximate the wall perimeter or outer circumference. The spatula can beslowly and gently dragged from the outer perimeter toward the center ofthe container. The spatula can be raised and directed to acircumferentially spaced apart location and the stirring motionrepeated. Typically, the distribution procedure is carried out at about4-10 equally spaced locations about the circumference to return to thestarting location.

[0164] Additional liquid is added to the container (Block 630). Theliquid can be added to a pre-marked liquid level line in the containeror a particular volume of liquid can be added. The former allows forvariation in the material sample size. Typically, the liquid is added tobe about 0.25 inches from the top of the container. The liquid should bekept at a sufficient distance below the surface to avoid spills duringlid placement (Block 633). The liquid surface can be spared with asubstance or formulation to decrease or remove surface or air bubbles(Block 635). In certain embodiments, a spray bottle of isopropryl(rubbing) alcohol can be used to spray the top of the liquid with thesubstance to remove or eliminate surface bubbles. As noted above, othersuitable substances may also be used.

[0165] A lid is secured to the container to enclose the aggregatematerial in the liquid (Block 640). Together, the lid and containerdefine a fixed internal (constant) volume. In certain embodiments, thelid can be clamped onto the container body. The enclosed container isthen filled with liquid until liquid exits a port (or neck opening)located on a top surface thereof (Block 650). The enclosed liquid-filledcontainer holding the aggregate is then weighed (Block 660). This weightmay be recorded in Col. B of the worksheet illustrated in FIG. 10B.

[0166] In particular embodiments, the fixture is weighed with theenclosed liquid-filled container. In certain embodiments, a syringe canbe used to slowly introduce the liquid so that the liquid exits thesyringe under the liquid surface level in a manner that inhibitsmovement of the aggregate on the bottom of the container (Block 652).Excess moisture can be dried from the outer surface of the containerproximate the port (Block 653). If liquid seeps from the rim of thecontainer (i.e., the joint between the lid and container), this liquidshould not be removed, and should be allowed to remain on the containerduring the weighing process.

[0167] The operations in the left column will now be described (forsample B). They can be carried out prior to, subsequent to, orconcurrently with those in the right column described above.

[0168] Dried sample A of fine aggregates can be encased in avacuum-sealed bag (Block 670). As noted above, a Corelok® vacuumapparatus and associated bags and equipment can be obtained fromInstroTek, located in Raleigh, N.C. Additional description of a suitableseal/evacuation procedure is provided in co-assigned U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 09/580,792, the contents of which are incorporatedby reference herein. In certain embodiments, three spacer blocks can bepositioned in the vacuum chamber to help support the specimen duringseal/evacuation. As for sample A, sample B can be weighed prior toinsertion into the bag to obtain the weight (typically about 1000 grams+/−1 gram) of the sample for evaluation. The weight can be recorded inCol. C of the worksheet shown in FIG. 10B. The bag can also be weighedand its weight recorded in Col. C. The bag and sample can be placed inthe vacuum chamber. The sample can be distributed inside the bag. Thebag can be folded about one inch about its open end and held to shakethe aggregate sample from side to side without loosing material from thebag. The sample should be substantially flat inside the bag. Piling ofaggregate may restrict airflow from the bag during the evacuationprocedure. The open side of the bag can be laid over the sealing bar andthe vacuum chamber door closed. The vacuum apparatus can be set to runon a pre-selected program (such as vacuum level of about 99% of absolutevacuum and a seal temperature and associated dwell time). When handlingthe bag and sample, care should be taken to maintain the integrity ofthe bag and/or seal.

[0169] The vacuum-sealed encased sample can be removed from the vacuumapparatus and placed in a liquid bath for liquid (typically water)displacement analysis. The bag encased material specimen can be immersedinto the liquid bath (Block 680) and the bag cut open while the bag isheld immersed in the liquid bath (Block 685). The bag should be heldunder the liquid while opening; air introduced into the bag mayinfluence the results. The operator may use fingers or other implementsto force the bag to open at the cut to allow liquid to freely flow intothe bag. The opening can be propped open for about 45 seconds an anysmall residual air bubbles allowed to escape from the bag. The cut canbe a relatively small cut inserted proximate one side of the bag, abouta top edge portion, and can be introduced into the bag so as to retainthe specimen therein. Subsequently, after water or liquid hassubstantially filled the bag, another opening can be cut on the opposingside of the bag also proximate the top edge portion (Block 686). Theopening can be sized at about 0.5-1.5 inches and is typically about1-1.5 inches in width. FIG. 16B illustrates a suitable location for theopening. Any residual air bubbles that may be formed proximate to thecut openings can be squeezed out by having the operator press againstthese regions. After the air bubbles are removed, the open bag can beplaced on a platform under water, the platform being operably associatedwith a scale. The open end of the bag can be oriented upward to allowwater to freely enter therein. In other embodiments, the bag can beplaced on the platform (that is adapted to be in communication with ascale) under water prior to opening the bag or the platform can belowered in the bath into proper location without moving and/or liftingthe bag itself.

[0170] In any event, the weight of the bag with the sample, when openedand immersed under the liquid in the liquid bath, is obtained (Block690). The bag and/or sample should not contact the side(s) or bottom ofthe liquid bath container while the weight is obtained. In particularembodiments, the sample can stay in the liquid bath for a period of timebefore the weight is obtained, for example, about 5-15 minutes, andtypically about 10 minutes. The submerged weight can be recorded in Col.E of the worksheet shown in FIG. 10B. At least one of the % absorption,specific gravities, and porosity can be determined based on themeasurements obtained (Block 695). As before, the recorded values can beinput into the computer and the computer can be directed to run apre-selected program to carry out the desired calculations/evaluations,including, for example, apparent density, percent absorption, bulkspecific gravity (SSD), and bulk specific gravity (Bsg).

[0171] Referring to FIG. 18A, operations of a similar procedure areillustrated, this procedure being directed to analyzing coarse aggregatesamples. As before, a sufficient quantity of a material samplecomprising coarse aggregates is oven-dried and separated into at leasttwo material samples 10A, 10B, each comprising coarse aggregates. Inparticular embodiments, the quantity of aggregate used to carry out thistest may be about twice the amount specified in ASTM C 127 rounded up tothe nearest multiple of 4000 grams (for example, a sample undergoingevaluation having a maximum aggregate size of 19 mm requires a samplesize of about 3 kg). For this test, the 3 kg is doubled to 6 kg and thenearest multiple of 4 kg (rounded up) is 8 kg. In this example, a singletest uses 2 kg. In certain embodiments, four separate tests, each using2 kg are run, two for sample A and two for sample B.

[0172] At least one of the sample A specimens is evaluated according tothe operations illustrated in Blocks 700-760, while at least one of thesample B specimens is evaluated according to the operations illustratedin Blocks 770-790.

[0173] A rigid container (such as the volumetric container 520A′ shownin FIG. 17) can be completely dried (inside and out). In certainembodiments, the Sample A evaluation operations in Blocks 710-760 arecarried out rapidly in under about 2-3 minutes, and typically in underabout 2 minutes. Increased evaluation time may impact the absorptiondetermination.

[0174] As shown in FIG. 18A, the container can be partially filled withliquid (Block 700). Typically, the container is filled about half waywith water at about 78° F. The sample of coarse aggregates can be addedto the container (Block 710). As before, the container can be partiallyfilled with water before the aggregate is added. In other embodiments,the water or liquid is added after the aggregate is in the container. Inany event, the aggregate can be distributed so that it is substantiallyevenly located over the bottom portion of the container (Block 720).There should be sufficient liquid to cover the aggregate in thecontainer. Because the aggregate sample comprises coarse aggregate, arubber mallet or other blunt object can be used to impart shock wavesinto the water by hitting the mallet against the outer wall of thecontainer at various positions low on the container wall (such ashitting the wall twice at four places spaced at about 90 degreeincrements) about the perimeter thereof to facilitate the evendistribution of the sample and/or to dislodge air bubbles. Otherdistribution or air dissipation methods can also be used, but careshould be taken to keep the aggregate immersed.

[0175] Additional liquid can be added to the container as needed tosubstantially fill the volume (Block 730). The surface of the liquid canbe sprayed with a liquid to decrease or eliminate surface bubbles (Block735). The lid can be placed onto the container to enclose the aggregateand liquid in the container (Block 740). Properly seated and filled,some liquid will spill out when the lid is engaged with the container.Liquid may be needed to be added in certain embodiments (such as if theliquid does not exit the port 520 p′ of the container shown in FIG. 17or if the liquid is below the level of the fill line 820 f in theembodiment shown in FIG. 19). This excess liquid on the exterior of thecontainer/lid can be dried. The enclosed container with theliquid/aggregate can be weighed (Block 760). This value can be recordedin Col. B of the worksheet shown in FIG. 10B.

[0176] Similar to the embodiment described for FIG. 16A, sample B can beencased in a vacuum-sealed bag (Block 770). The bag can be weighed andthe weight recorded in Col. C of the worksheet shown in FIG. 10B. Incertain embodiments an inner bag is used with the outer bag to hold thecoarse aggregate sample. Both weights can be obtained together. Thesample B weight can be obtained and recorded in Col. D (typically about2000 g+/−1 gram. The sample can be placed in the inner bag. Where theinner bag comprises air channels, this surface feature may present arough or coarse texture defining air channels (to facilitate air removalduring evacuation), this side may be oriented to be down where the bulkof the weight of the sample can rest during the evacuation procedure.The weight of the sample in the bag should be supported on a supportsurface such as a table when filling and handling to protect againstpunctures. The inner bag and sample can be inserted into the outersealant bag and then placed into the vacuum chamber. The sample can bespread (typically by hand) so as to be substantially evenly distributedabout the surface of the chamber in the bag(s).

[0177] As before, the encased material specimen is immersed in a liquidbath (Block 780), and the bag is cut open while it is immersed in theliquid (Block 785). The opening can be propped open a sufficientdistance to allow liquid/water to freely enter therein. Any residual airbubbles can be allowed to escape. Although not individually sealed,access to the inner bag can be had via the cut and the inner bag canalso be propped open too to allow the water to enter therein. Theopening can be a cut inserted into one upper corner of the bag (see FIG.18B). The opening can be a relatively small opening introduced in oneside with a size of about 3-4 inches. A second opening of similar sizeand position can then be introduced into the other side (Block 786). Thesecond opening may be introduced after water has substantially filled inthe bag. Any excess air/vapor can be squeezed out of the upper cornersof the bag by running fingers across the top of the bag and forcing thegas out of the cut openings.

[0178] As before, the aggregate-filled bag can be placed on a platform(operably associated with a scale) under water/liquid. The bag can befolded to place it on the platform; however, once on the platform, itcan be unfolded under liquid (water), to allow the liquid to freely flowinto the bag. The weight of the opened bag under water with the samplecan be obtained (Block 790). The weight may be obtained after waitingabout 10-20 minutes after opening the bag. The bag and/or sample shouldnot contact the bottom sides or float out of the liquid bath tank duringthe weighing measurement. The submerged weight can be obtained andrecorded in Col. E of the worksheet shown in FIG. 10B. If the aggregatesize is such that more than 2000 grams need to be evaluated, bothcolumns of operations for an additional sample A and sample B should berepeated. At least one material parameter or characteristic of theaggregate is determined such as one of specific gravities, absorption,and porosity (Block 795). The weights can be input into the computer bythe operator (or automatically by upload from electronic scales) and theoperator can run a pre-selected program to provide the desiredevaluation and/or determination. The Aggplus™ System and/or AggSpec™computer program is available from InstroTek, of Raleigh, N.C.

[0179] Other embodiments of the invention anticipate that similarcalculations to those described herein can be made to assess materialpermeability, porosity, asphalt absorption, maximum density, maximumspecific gravity, and the like. Further, the methods can be fully orpartially automated. Additional details of each of these embodiments aredescribed in co-pending and co-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No.09/580,792 the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference asif recited in full herein The invention will now be illustrated withreference to certain examples which are included herein for the purposesof illustration only, and which are not intended to be limiting of theinvention.

EXAMPLES

[0180] The worksheet shown in FIG. 10A contains data taken for anaggregate sample of Chat Sand. The raw data is used to calculateapparent specific gravity and %absorption. A correction of 0.35% isapplied to the calculated %abs of equation (7). The 0.35 correction canbe determined by using the y intercept of the graph of FIG. 9A or bycalculating the total absorption at maximum vacuum and selecting thecorresponding correction from the graph in FIG. 9B.

[0181] As shown, various weights of the two samples are obtained andinput into a data chart (which can be a computer-generated spreadsheetor various input screens on a computer display to allow a user to enterthe data and the computer to generate the desired calculations). Columns1-3 and 7 are used for the unsealed sample: Col. 1 is used to record theweight of the (dry) aggregate sample in an unsealed bag; Col. 2 is usedto record the weight of the bag alone; and Col. 3 is used to record theweight of the aggregate and bag in the liquid bath. Columns 4-6 and 8are used for the vacuum-sealed sample. Column 8 uses the results ofCols. 4-6 to determine the density of the sample. Column 4 is used torecord the weight of the sample in the sealed bag, Col. 5 is for the bagweight alone, and Col. 6 is for the weight of the sealed bag andaggregate after the bag is opened and as they are held under water.Column 7 uses the results of Cols. 1-3 to determine the density of theother sample. Column 9 uses the data from both of the samples tocalculate the percent absorption (and apply a 0.35% correction factorfor the material undergoing analysis. Column 10 records the determinedmass of the saturated sample in water (C); Col. 11 records the mass ofthe SSD sample in air (B); Cols. 12 and 13 illustrate that that the bulkspecific gravity (dry basis) and the bulk specific gravity SSD can alsobe determined based on the values obtained by the methods and systems ofthe present invention.

[0182] The 0.891 value shown in FIG. 10A under the bag weightcalculation, is a bag apparent density correction value (or othercorrection value for other containers as needed) and can be provided byan OEM or calculated as noted in co-pending and co-assigned U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 09/580,792 the contents of which were incorporatedby reference above.

[0183]FIG. 10B illustrates a different worksheet used to evaluate SouthMississippi sand. The raw data can be used to calculate apparent densityand % absorption. Columns 2-3 are for Sample A (the non-evacuated/sealedsample): Col. 2 for the dry sample weight in air and Col. 3, for thesample weight in the container filled with water. Column 4 is used torecord the weight of the bag. Column 5 is used to record the weight ofthe dry sample B in air and Col. 6 is used to record the weight of theaggregate and bag in the liquid bath (opened). The absorption (porosityor other parameter) can be determined by using the recorded results. Ofcourse, the data can be directly input from the scales or from anoperator into a computer for digital calculation.

[0184] In summary, the methods and systems of the present invention canbypass direct determination of the mass at SSD (B value) that istypically difficult to define with fine aggregates. In addition, theabsorption and/or specific gravity results are repeatable and less proneto operator variability than conventional procedures. Further, thedeterminations of calibration for absorption correction can be based oneach specific material used and not restricted to a factor associatedwith a general or an average relationship. The test methodology of theproposed methods reduce the time required to perform this test down toapproximately 5-30 minutes, and a twenty-four hour saturation is notrequired. Advantageously, this method can be used with coarse and fineaggregates as well as with high and low porosity materials.

[0185] The methods of embodiments of the invention can be suitable foranalysis of loose and compacted materials including synthetic andnatural aggregate materials such as, but not limited to, sand, silica,glass, limestone, chat sand, LA #30, MM, bulk or loose asphalt, concretecylinders or specimens, or other loose, bulk, or compacted oruncompacted materials or shaped or formed specimens. The materials orspecimens can comprise non-absorptive (such as glass) and/or absorptivematerials (whether the material composition exhibits high, low, orintermediate absorption characteristics or porosity). Examples of someaggregates include blast furnace slag, synthetic and manufacturedaggregates, and lightweight aggregates such as low-density materials(which may be used in concrete structures such as high-rise buildings).

[0186] Methods for determining absorption and/or specific gravity orother properties and characteristics according to embodiments of thepresent invention can be suitable for aggregate mixtures used in thepreparation of concrete, paved asphalts, and concrete asphalts. Inaddition, the methods of the instant invention can be used to analyzeaggregates taken on geological surveys or oil explorations. It isexpected that confirmation of the degree or relative absorption orporosity of the aggregate or soil or other materials obtained during thesurveys or explorations can provide valuable information on whether thesite is likely to include oil or the desirable building or constructionsubstructure. For example, a finding of higher absorption values mayindicate that the site is worthy of additional or a more in-depthanalysis.

[0187] It will be understood that each block of the flowchartillustration, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrationsas well as calculations, equations, data look-up charts, datamanipulations, and calibration factor offset determinations, can beimplemented by computer program instructions. These computer programinstructions may be loaded onto a computer or other programmable dataprocessing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructionswhich execute on the computer or other programmable data processingapparatus create means for implementing the functions specified in theflowchart block or blocks. These computer program instructions may alsobe stored in a computer-readable memory that can direct a computer orother programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particularmanner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readablememory produce an article of manufacture including instruction meanswhich implement the function specified in the flowchart block or blocks.The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer orother programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series ofoperational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmableapparatus to allow user input (or automatic weight entry relayed byintegrated scales) of data and to produce computer implemented processsuch that the instructions which execute on the computer or otherprogrammable apparatus provide steps for implementing the functionsspecified in the flowchart block or blocks.

[0188] Accordingly, blocks of the flowchart illustrations and thenumerical and mathematical relationships presented herein supportcombinations of means for performing the specified functions and programinstruction means for performing the specified functions. It will alsobe understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations, andcombinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations, as well ascalculations and determinations can be implemented by special purposehardware-based computer systems which perform the specified functions orsteps, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computerinstructions. The blocks can be carried out in the order noted or inother orders. The operations described in the blocks can be combined oreven separated into distinct operational segments. The computer systemsand/or hardware can be integrated into a vacuum system or to operatewith a computer associated with a vacuum system.

[0189] The foregoing is illustrative of the present invention and is notto be construed as limiting thereof. Although a few exemplaryembodiments of this invention have been described, those skilled in theart will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in theexemplary embodiments without materially departing from the novelteachings and advantages of this invention. Accordingly, all suchmodifications are intended to be included within the scope of thisinvention as defined in the claims. In the claims, means-plus-functionclauses, when used, are intended to cover the structures describedherein as performing the recited function and not only structuralequivalents but also equivalent structures. Therefore, it is to beunderstood that the foregoing is illustrative of the present inventionand is not to be construed as limited to the specific embodimentsdisclosed, and that modifications to the disclosed embodiments, as wellas other embodiments, are intended to be included within the scope ofthe appended claims. The invention is defined by the following claims,with equivalents of the claims to be included therein.

That which is claimed is:
 1. A method for analyzing material propertiesof a material sample comprising aggregate: obtaining a first aggregatematerial sample of a material undergoing analysis; drying the firstaggregate material sample; determining the dry weight of the firstaggregate material sample; providing a volumetric container, thevolumetric container having a lid that attaches thereto that areconfigured together to be able to define a fixed or constant internalvolume; partially filling the volumetric container with liquid; placingthe first aggregate material sample in the volumetric container; addingadditional liquid to the container after the first aggregate material isplaced in the volumetric container; attaching the lid onto thevolumetric container to enclose the liquid and aggregate materialtherein; measuring the weight of the volumetric container holding thefirst aggregate material sample and the liquid after the steps ofattaching the lid and adding additional liquid; obtaining a secondaggregate material sample of a material undergoing analysis; drying thesecond aggregate material sample; encasing the second aggregate samplein a vacuum-sealed second container; immersing the second aggregatematerial sample while it is held in the vacuum-sealed container in aliquid bath; opening the vacuum-sealed container as it is held immersedin the liquid bath; measuring the weight of the second aggregatematerial sample in the second opened container while they are heldimmersed in the liquid bath; and determining at least one of the percentabsorption, apparent specific gravity, bulk specific gravity, andsaturated surface dry (SSD) weight of the aggregate undergoing analysisbased on the weights obtained in said measuring steps.
 2. A methodaccording to claim 1, wherein the first and second aggregate samples aredifferent samples partitioned from a single larger aggregate materialsample.
 3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the first and secondaggregate material samples are the same sample.
 4. A method according toclaim 1, wherein the first and second material samples comprises fineaggregate.
 5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the first andsecond material samples substantially comprises only fine or very fineaggregates.
 6. A method according to claim 1, wherein the secondcontainer is a collapsible bag.
 7. A method according to claim 1,wherein the lid of the volumetric container comprises a liquid entryport, and wherein the step of adding additional liquid comprises: addinga first amount of additional liquid to a level that is below the top ofthe volumetric container; and after the step of attaching the lid,adding a second amount of liquid into the volumetric container throughthe liquid entry port so that the liquid with the aggregate fills thecontainer and occupies the fixed internal volume.
 8. A method accordingto claim 4, wherein the step of adding another quantity of liquidthrough the lid comprises: inserting a syringe having a liquid deliverylumen and holding a quantity of liquid therein through the port in thelid such that the end of the lumen resides below the liquid level in thevolumetric container; and expelling liquid from the syringe such that itenters the container under the surface of the liquid level in an amountsufficient to fill the internal volume of the volumetric container andlid.
 9. A method according to claim 8, further comprising positioningthe volumetric container on a fixture having a holding platform and aplurality of clamps thereon, the holding platform being sized andconfigured to hold the volumetric container thereon during the steps ofattaching the lid and measuring the weight of the volumetric containerand liquid and aggregate sample, and wherein the step of attachingcomprises positioning and extending the clamps to exert downward forceson to the lid so as to seal the volumetric container and lid together.10. A method according to claim 1, further comprising filling theenclosed container with liquid alone and obtaining a weight thereof toobtain a calibration weight of the volumetric container with a lid. 11.A method according to claim 10, further comprising distributing ordislodging the aggregate sample across the bottom of the volumetriccontainer before the step of adding additional liquid.
 12. A methodaccording to claim 1, wherein the first and second material aggregatesamples comprise coarse aggregate, and wherein the step of addingadditional liquid comprises adding additional liquid to a predeterminedlevel such that the liquid level is substantially at the top of thevolumetric container before the step of attaching the lid, and whereinthe step of attaching the lid forces liquid from the volumetriccontainer and encloses the internal volume so that the liquid andaggregate fill and occupy the internal fixed volume.
 13. A methodaccording to claim 1, wherein the container comprises at least onecollapsible bag, and wherein the step of opening the bag comprisesintroducing a first opening on a first upper edge portion of the bag,then allowing liquid to enter into the bag, and then introducing asecond opening into a second upper edge portion on an opposing side ofthe bag.
 14. A method according to claim 1, wherein the steps ofplacing, adding additional liquid, attaching the lid, and measuring theweight of the volumetric container holding the first aggregate materialsample and the liquid are carried out in less than about 3 minutes. 15.A method according to claim 14, wherein the recited steps are carriedout in about two minutes or less.
 16. A method according to claim 11,wherein the material sample comprises coarse aggregate, and wherein thecontainer comprises a nested inner bag and an outer bag, the outer bagbeing configured to be vacuum-sealed about the second material sample.17. An apparatus for evaluating aggregate samples, comprising: avolumetric container having at least one upwardly extending wall and aclosed bottom and open top portion; a lid configured to securely attachto the volumetric container top portion, wherein when attached thevolumetric container and lid define an enclosed internal fixed orconstant volume; and a quantity of liquid and aggregate materialpositioned in the volumetric container, wherein, in operation, theliquid and aggregate are presented in sufficient quantity so as tooccupy substantially the entire internal fixed volume and exhibit acorresponding weight.
 18. An apparatus according to claim 17, whereinthe lid comprises an upwardly extending neck having a cross-sectionalwidth that is substantially smaller than the width of the container. 19.An apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the lid is translucent ortransparent and includes an optical or visual indicia of liquid level.20. An apparatus according to claim 17, further comprising: a fixture,the fixture comprising: a planar base configured to receive thevolumetric container thereon; a plurality of upwardly extending clampplatforms affixed to the base and disposed in spaced apart alignmentthereon, the clamp platforms arranged to be proximate the outside wallof the volumetric container when the volumetric container is placed onthe base of the fixture; at least one clamping mechanism disposed oneach clamp platform, the platforms having a height sufficient toposition the clamping mechanism over the top surface of the lid, suchthat, when in position, the clamps force the lid down onto thevolumetric container.
 21. An apparatus according to claim 20, whereinthe lid comprises two liquid ports.
 22. An apparatus according to claim19, wherein the neck is arranged on the lid to extend substantiallyvertically upward, wherein the upper end of the neck is open, andwherein the apparatus is configured to analyze both coarse and fineaggregate samples.
 23. A system for analyzing aggregate samplescomprising: a volumetric container with a detachable lid, the lid havinga syringe access port formed therethrough; a syringe having a bodyadapted to hold liquid therein and defining a lumen having a lengthsufficient to extend below the lid when in position in the access port;and computer program code for determining percent absorption andspecific gravity of fine or very fine aggregate samples.
 24. A systemaccording to claim 23, further comprising a spray bottle of isopropylalcohol.
 25. A system according to claim 23, wherein the lid comprises asecond port for viewing when liquid has filled the internal volume ofthe volumetric container when the lid is attached thereto.